SOA 223 1nd Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture 1. Stereotypes2. StigmatizationOutline of Current Lecture 1. Overcoming Stereotypes2. Prejudice3. RacismCurrent LectureOvercoming Stereotypes- Amount of personal information- Cognitive ability- Motivation level to form an accurate impressionPrejudice- Hostile or negative attitude toward a group of people, based on their membership in that groupWhat causes Prejudice?- Stereotypes- Social Learning Theory- Realistic Conflict Theory- Prejudices arise from competition for limited resources- Social Identity Theory- Prejudice arises because we favor in-groups over out-groups to enhance our self-esteemHow can Prejudice be reduced?Gordon Allport (1954) in The Nature of Prejudice, proposed the contact hypothesis, which states that prejudice can be reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Groups must engage in cooperative activities (have mutual interdependence) to achieve superordinate goals- Social norms must promote equalityStudies to reduce prejudice- Robbers Cave Study (Sherif) 1961- Judsaw Classroom (Aonson) 1978Discrimination: Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its membersSexism- Decreased in last few decades, still exists- Gender sterotypes persist- Men & women may differ in some ways, but people exaggerate these differences Gender Stereotypes- Stereotypes endure because of illusory correlations, biased attributions, confirmation biases, and self-fulfilling prophecies- There can be ambivalent sexism: Positive (benevolent) stereotypes that exists side by side with more hostile stereotypesGender Stereotypes Affected by Socio-Cultural Factors- Media images & popular culture- Social role theory (Eagly): Perception of sex differences are magnified by the different social roles occupied by men & womenIs there Racism today?- Obvious and blatant racial stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination have decreased in the past few decades- Trayvon Martin killing & killing of unarmed Black teen in FergusonSubtle Racism- Modern Racism: Racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize- Implicit Racism: Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally Implicit or Automatic Prejudice- Implicit Association Tests: White people took longer to identify pleasant words when paired with a black
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