SOA 223 1nd Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture 1. Prejudice, Stereotyping & Racism2. Social Loafing3. Social facilitation4. Deindividuation Outline of Current Lecture 1. Groups2. AggressionCurrent LectureGroup Characteristics- Roles: Shared expectations of how people are supposed to behave- Norms: rules of conduct- Cohesiveness: Forces exerted on a group that push its members closer togetherGroup Decision Making- Group Polarization: Groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme in the same direction as the individuals’ initial predispositionso Persuasive arguments perspective: Individuals hear additional arguments supporting their own decisiono Social comparison perspective: In order to be liked, many people will take a position thatis similar to the others’ but a little more extremeGroup Think: Extreme form of group polarization. Occurs when consensus-seeking is more important than critical analysisContribute to Group think…These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Highly cohesive groups- Threatening situational context- Particular group structure Symptoms of Group think…- Overestimation of one’s ingroup - Closed-mindedness- Increased pressures toward conformityOther problems…- Biased sampling of info: groups spend more time discussing shared info; unique info known by only one or a few may not get discussed- Channels of communication: Important info doesn’t get to decision-makers because of rules of communicationStrategies to reduce group think- Consulting with outsiders- Leader should encourage criticism- Have diff subgroups & Devil’s advocateIn Cuba Missile crisis of 1962, President Kennedy engaged in these strategies & a war was avoidedGroup Performance- Process loss: Reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes- Additive tasks: Group product is sum of member contribution- Conjunctive Task: group performance defined by “weakest link”- Disjunctive Task: Group performance is defined by most capable memberAGGRESSIONAggression is a behavior that you act out of anger. (verbal, physical) Behavior is on purpose. Aimed to hurt another person.- Emotional aggression (reactive): Aggression stemming from feelings of anger, often impulsive, inflicting harm for its own sake- Instrumental aggressions (proactive): Aggression as means to some goal other than causing
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