COMM 104Exam # 3 Study GuideKey VocabularyInductive Reasoning: a "bottom-up" approach to thinking, takes a specific case and applies it to a general ruleDeductive Reasoning: all the premises must add up to make the conclusion true; "top-down" approachDeductively Valid: there can be no way he conclusion is false if the premises are trueVoice: a person's personality expressed through writingInformation Literacy: the ability to use information effectively through evaluation, location and identification skillsMoral Ethics: Amoral Ethics:Cues: shortcuts to thinking such as appearance, numbers, and soundsCognitive Heuristics: shorter methods of thinking that naturally occur in day to day situations to speed up decision makingCognitive Miser: humans are said to be this; "lazy thinkers"Central Route Thinking: ability to think critically about concepts and to deliberate about themPeripheral Route Thinking: relies heavily on cues and shortened thinkingEthics: principles of morality that can influence behavior and decisionsCoercion: using some type of force to get a desirable outcome, usually forcefulCensorship: a way used by all societies to limit the amount of free speechMore Complex ConceptsErroneous Generalization: making an assumption that limited instances will determine the results of future outcomes of events Playing with Numbers: taking statistical data or numbers and applying them in inappropriate ways to support your argument, or exaggerating your resultsFalse Dilemma: looking at two options and deciding that both options are negative, when in reality one is obviously better than the other Gambler's Fallacy: making connections or relationships between events that happened by chance, not by reason or cause-and-effectFalse Cause: making the assumption that a cause and effect relationship exists between two events or things Slippery Slope: the belief that an event will trigger a chain-like reaction of consequences or results, when in reality this is incorrect Applying a Generalization: this approach says that a large group includes a smallerpart. Each smaller part belongs to a subgroup. This subgroup is therefore a part of the larger blanket group. In other words, everyone who tans could get skin cancer. My best friend tans. Therefore, my best friend could get skin cancer. Applying an Exception: this method is the opposite of the first one. It takes a large group, excludes a specific case and makes the connection that the specific case is not part of the larger group. For example: Every Mountaineer Maniac attends WVU. Sally does not attend WVU. Therefore, Sally is not a Mountaineer Maniac.Affirming the Consequent: This assumes that if A is true then B is true. Since B is true, A therefore has to be true. This is a fallacy because B could be true because of something unrelated to A. Denying the Antecedent: If A is true, B is true. If A is not ture, then B cannot be true. This reasoning is false because B can still be true even if A is false. False Classification: This assumes that when a small variable is part of a larger group, it is also part of a subgroup within the very large group. Composition and Division: This states that the characteristics of a group as a whole equal the characteristics of the smaller parts. It also can assume that the parts of a group have all the same qualities of the larger group. Satisficing: looking for options, then accepting the one that is good enoughTemporizing: choosing an option the is good enough for the time-being even if it isn't the best long term choice Affect: making a choice based on an instinct or natural reaction Simulation: weighing options based on the likely outcomes Availability: choosing an option based upon past memories and experiencesAssociation: making connections between ideas and concepts based on memories andimpressionsStereotyping: making a sudden judgement based on biases or predetermined opinions of a groupUs vs. Them: narrowing choices to two options and picking the one that your opposition would agree with the leastPower Differential: making a decision because someone of a high power position believes it is the best optionAnchoring with Adjustment: sticking with a decision until new information changes your mind based on those findingsIllusion of Control: believing we have more control in a given situation than reality allows us to haveOptimistic Bias: believing the risk of negative consequences is much less than it actually isEliminating by Aspect: one specific characteristic of an option makes it no longer under considerationLoss & Risk Aversion: sticking to the normal choice in order to avoid loss and riskElaboration likelihood model (ELM): measures the amount of motivation and ability to determine the outcome of persuasive messages. Totalitarian: this type of society views communication with a moral view and restricts communicationDemocratic: this society has an amoral view on communication and encourages free speech in a systematic wayCensorship: a way of restricting free speech through laws and rules in a democratic society, but through force or punishment in totalitarian societiesAdvocate System: in this system a person who is trained and ethical speaks on behalf of another personGhostwriting: this is someone who prepares speeches or other forms of communication for others to present (ex: speech