COMM 104 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last LectureI. EthosII. Types of EthosIII. Ways to improve credibilityOutline of Current LectureI. Types of LogosII. How do you determine if evidence is credible?III. Testing an ArgumentIV. Types of FallaciesCurrent LectureI. Types of Logos:1. Evidence- this presents logical proof or the basis of an argument. This can be in forms such as examples, which are used to create an image of a certain idea or experience. Statistical information as well as testimonials can be used as types of evidence to strengthen an argument. 2. Syllogism- this type of logos involves a three part argument based on deductive reasoning. It includes a major premise (broadest info), a minor premise (supporting detail), and a conclusion (logical outcome of premises). 3. Enthymemes- this type of logos is very similar to a syllogism, but is missing one of the three parts. An enthymeme forces the audience to logically fill in one pieceof the puzzle to make sense of the argument. Any of the three parts can be missing, but not more than one. II. How can you determine if evidence is credible?a. Determining the credibility of evidence can be done by checking for competency, relevancy, the amount of evidence presented, the consistency of the evidence, and how recent the evidence is. These categories can help an audience member critically consider whether or not the evidence presented is credible. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Testing an Argument a. Test of Truthfulness: Make sure that the speaker is being objective rather than subjective. If the speaker is being subjective, that is using bias or ways to manipulate information in their favor, the argument may not be worthy of attention. b. Test of Logical Strength: Look for a relationship between the conclusion and the reasons the speaker came to that conclusion. These reasons should allow the audience to logically move to the same conclusion that the speaker arrived at.c. Test of Relevance: Determine whether there could be other explanations that would make more logical sense in this argument. What are these other claims and should they be included?d. Test of Non-Circularity: The truth of the reasons listed by the speaker should be independent of the truth of the conclusion. That is, those claims should be able to stand true alone, without the conclusion to make them true. IV. Types of Fallacies: ways to deceive an audience into believing an argument without using logic or reasona. Appeals to Ignorance rely on the absence of reason. The speaker rejects a claim without using logic to explain that rejection on the assumption that the audiencewill believe them without examining their proof. b. Appeals to Mob (Bandwagon) assume that people will favor the majority. Similarto a mother saying “would you jump off a bridge if your friend thought it was cool?”, this appeal makes it seem like the correct argument is the popular one.c. Appeals to Emotion draw upon an emotional response to the subject matter or speaker in order to validate an argument. d. Ad Hominem Attack is the use of verbal aggression to discredit or attack a speaker for personal reasons, rather than falsifying their beliefs and ideas through logic.e. Straw Man fallacy occurs when the opposition of an argument puts words into their opponents’ mouths. f. Playing with Words is a way to twist the true meaning of a word or phrase in order for it to favor your argument. Some speakers will intentionally use vague definitions of ideas in order to leave more room for their opinion to be heard.g. Misuse of Authority occurs when an argument is believed based solely on the position the speaker holds. This happens frequently when very powerful or wealthy people such as the president or celebrities make a stance on a