April 16, 2012: Becker and Lemert: Labeling DevianceA criminal act is criminal through the eyes of the beholder.Status Degradation: the individual is made to be a criminal.Starts out as law abiding citizenStarts as innocent till proven guiltyThrough all of this they lose reputation and become criminalThe system itself makes people to be criminalReseachers concluded that for some reason, the agents of criminal justice only select certain individuals to apprehendWe see in the end that crime statistics may not reflect how much crime there is in societyIt may just seem to be a fabrication of the justice systemThese statistics are produced simply by criminal justice agents counting some crime and not othersThe surveys that people take anonymously aren’t always the truthHoward Becker: Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of DevianceTypes of deviant behaviorIf something is perceived as deviant but is obedient behavior: Falsely AccusedIf something is perceived as deviant but has rule-breaking behavior: Pure deviantIf something is not perceived as deviant and is obedient behavior: ConformingIf something is not perceived as deviant and has rule-breaking behavior: Secret DeviantSeeing and perceiving (Secret Deviance)You can see someone doing something wrong but perceive them as not doing something wrongTwo kids in school do something wrong is school but the teacher only perceives on of them to have done something wrongShe is biases against the kids who was apprehendedThe kids who didn’t get in trouble is secret deviantEdwin Lemert: Social PathologyLabeling PeopleThe looking glass self is a concept that theorizes that a person only knows who they are through the eyes of othersPrimary Deviance: the first deviant act, breaking a norm that the individual commits.This is bad because typically this prices your conscience and sticks with you. Its hard for some people to deal with thisSo they will push their deviance aside by saying “well I only do drugs when I drink, so therefore im not a druggy”When others remind the deviant out on that one offense, they always bring it up and accuse the person being deviantAt some point the person just gives into the label and accepts the labeling.Secondary Deviance: results from the internalization of a deviant label and the adoption of a deviant identity.the person acts based on what other people are seeing in themthis shows that criminals are created, in the perception of othersretrospective interpretationthe persons entire biography is perceived through the lens of whatever label he is giventhe good a person has done is overwhelmed by all the bad that people perceiveMaster statusMy master status would be “UVA student”We see in the process of labeling that “criminal” becomes a person’s master statusCriticisms of Lemert1) deviant labels close off legitimate opportunities and leave deviance and crime as the only viable life options, this without the person’s internalization of any deviant labelSometimes the person is forced to commit crime b/c he is not given an opportunity in the job force b/c of his one or so offense2) individuals often construct their own deviant identities and want to be seen as deviant without being labeled in the first placeIf nothing else, labeling theory accounts for biasesIt explains not the behavior or criminals but the behavior of the criminal justice system.THE FAMILY, CRIME, AND THE LIFE COURSE4/23/12: Criminogenic FamiliesIn addition to being demanding and punitive, the parent also must be responsive to the child.Responsiveness is the extent to which the parent is emotionally tuned to the child’s needs.The parent who recognizes when the child feels bad and tries to make the child feel better is the responsive parent.Baumrind’s Typology of Parenting Styles:High Control (Demandingness)Low Control (Demandingness)High ResponsivenessAuthoritativePermissiveLow ResponsivenessAuthoritarianNeglecting/RejectingThe Permissive parent:The Permissive parent is indulgent.They give the child what they want.They are not only materially indulgent but also emotionally.They strive for the child to feel no pain and thus allow them to do whatever they want.In fear of the child experiencing pain, the parent is not very demanding.This parenting style lack’s controlThe Neglecting/Rejecting parent:The parents are neither emotionally concerned with the child nor do they place any restrictions on them.The parents don’t care whether the child is happy or sad.The child essentially take care of themselves.The Authoritarian parent:These parents are very demanding but are not very responsive.The parent does not care how the child feels.It is military type parenting.The Permissive, Neglecting/Rejecting, and Authoritarian types of parenting all lead to crime.There is not balance between demandingness and responsiveness.A balance between these two is struck between Authoritative parenting.The Authoritative parent:The parent places restrictions on the child but is also emotionally tuned in to them.Consequently, the child learns to care about the parent and their actions.Poverty does not necessarily have a direct effect on juvenile delinquency.Rather, they show us that poverty’s effect on delinquency is mediated by parenting style.Poverty causes parents to act a certain way towards their children.That parenting style thus allows for delinquent behavior.Integrated Structural Stress Parenting:Colvin and Pauly were Marxists.They focused on the economic factors.They focused mainly on the conditions in which parents work.Parents who are mistreated and bossed around at work come home and treat their children the same way.These conditions of work result in Authoritarian parenting.Parents who live in poverty work long, irregular hours:They are always worried about paying the bills.They become hostile.They lack the emotional resources to allot to the rearing of their child.These conditions result in Neglecting/Rejecting parenting.Children from single-parent families are usually more delinquent:The juvenile delinquency rate for single-parent families is 10-15% while the rate for nuclear families is 5%.The parent is gone more to work and support their family.There is one less set of eyes to supervise the child.While 10-15% may be delinquent, 85-90% are not.Even against all odds, most single-parent families are not delinquent.When fathers pay child support, they help their child not become delinquent.However, since these fathers are usually