Routine Activity Theory:- Routine objects can be used in crime.- Focus: the physical features of crime settings.- Basic argument: physical features of the place are enough to explain.- A kind of ecological theory, study social spaces. The distribution of people and place in the society.- Details of settings may or may not affect crime to occur. - Laundry room: torches, crime scene.- Focus on People around: routine activities in people’s routine daily lives. There are offenders following theirschedules. A crime will happen when victim’s schedule conflicts with the offenders’. A potential victim will meetup with motivated offender. The meetings of victims and offenders likely. - A crime will not occur when the outcome is due to what objects on hand. Victim may have routine objects in handto defend (hunting rifles). Cell phone: ask for help.- Ordinary objects make people to protect themselves. - Offenders have their own tools: torches.- Need car, to set up crime scene.- The outcome of the meeting of offender of victim be a matter of who has more effect object on hand.Cohen and Felson: - develop routine theory- contact: physical contact between o and v. Predatory: the offender harms the victim.- Three elements must be present for a direct contact: - - motivated offenders- - suitable targets- - absence of capable guardians.Most crime theories explain the motivations.C and F: do not try to explain motivations. They do not explain some people motivated to offend.Most theory: why they are motivated, c and f not interested.Routine theory:- there are, for some reason, some motivated offenders out there.- Given an opportunity to commit a crime.- Real q: do these o to have opportunity to commit crime? is there a sufficient number of victims for them to prayon?- Focus on the suitability of targets in the society.- Targets: more or less suitable.- Crime cannot be invented.- Absence of capable guardians: other people in the society protect victims.- To explain: certain statistical and historical problems.- 1960s: crime rate increases- 1960: 5.1% homicide rate, 1970: 7.9%. Robbery more dramatically- So 1960: period of dramatically increasing crimes, c and f try to explain by routine activity theorem.- More and more consumer goods are being produced during this period. - More suitable targets because more stuff is produced.- Lives of people are changing. More single person households.- 4 people in the fam: mom dad bro sis. A toaster: they are all sharing the same toaster. Son goes to college, needone toaster. Daughter: buy another toaster. Mom and dad divorce, buy a toaster. Three more targets out there foroffenders to steal. More single-housing households.- More and more people living alone. So burglary rates increase. - With tech development: objects more portable, lighter. Easier to steal.- Computer in old ages: large Now: laptop, easier to steal.- TVs more portable.- Sears: in 1960 sears catalog, 38 pounds lightest TV, couldn’t run away from cobs with that. TV is getting lighter.1970: 15 pounds. Now: 7.7 pounds, more suitable as a target, more portable, why crime rate is increasing.People themselves are more suitable as targets than others.- Strain: poor area: people are desperate, motivational theory, not what routine activity theory says.- People don’t have money, don’t invest in banks. Credit card not suitable, cash is more suitable. Poorneighborhood: no credit card, more cash, more suitable as targets.- Age: 20-24: 1072 25-34: 703, this number decrease as age increases.- People young: presenting themselves by their life styles to the motivated offenders there.- Old people can’t stay up that late.- Marital status: never married: 400 married: 170, their wives keep them home. Divorced man: 1040, they are freeagain, their lifestyle changes.- Women in school are more often likely to encounter motivated offenders: because they are exposed. - Roles of the police- F: people best guardians: you!- Police are not the most effective guardians. Doubling police: useless.- One adult: twice likely to be burglared than two+ people.- The percent change in houses left unoccupied: between 1960-1970, 49% more homes are left unoccupied earlymorning. During this decade: women started going to work: crime opportunities for offenders because noguardians at home during the day, burglary rates increase.- Ecological theory- Shaw&M: during the early 20th theory: concentric zones: convergent theory. Life in the convergent city: downtownareas: there is lots of suitable stuff. Lots of people around. All those people can serve as capable guardians. Lesslikely to steal. Greater likelihood of guardians. But cities changes: houses are further apart from one another. Latenights parking lots are empty. Houses are more easily to break into.- Crime increases with prosperity and freedom. Increase in mobility to get out there. Discussion:Routine Actitities Theory: Social Ecology- Motivated offender (They assume that)- Suitable Targets- Capable GuardianMc is focusing on 2,3 points of this theoryBook said it’s rational choice, but they don’t conflict1. One of the principle controversies surrounding routine activity is the idea that it blames the victim. Provide an example in support of these claims and another that refutes them.Behavior—routine, credit card/cash, portability, proximity to goods (house)Appearance—weak, objects of valuedemographics—age, social economic statusBlaming the victim: behavior and appearancenecessity: do we ignore motivated offender?Situation factors as choice, not so clear.This theory doesn’t blame victim, but people could use this theory to blame this victim.Policy implications: ScreeningWhite color crime: increase surveillance, authority, power, education, suitable targets: see them as more targetededucating people about what crime looks like. Educating for the potential of crime. Exam: same format as the first one.One essay about clean street,One about the theoriesWhat was the main points for that