Two different dimensions:Demanding: set standard of child’s behaviorResponsiveness: punish the child’s misbehavior.The parent indulges the child: but the parent does not punish.Parents neglecting and rejecting basically don’t do anything. They don’t discipline the child.Neglecting: don’t do anything for the childAuthoritarian: high on demandingness, low on responsiveness. No love for affection for his child.These are the three types pre-dispose the child to delinquent.Authoritative: best parenting, demand and punishment is balanced. Context of highresponsiveness. We will identify the kind of parenting take place in each of those situations.The access of poverty: strain theory: poor people limited access to legitimate means. Conditionof poverty, direct effect, crime.Model more complex when we consider parents. Parents style: mediates poverty anddelinquency. Poverty-parenting style-delinquency.Combines two models within one theory.Marxist: focus on economic conditions. economic conditions—condition of work.Colvin and Pauly: everyday parents go to work, boss stand there tell them what to do. They treattheir kids the same way that they are treated on the job. Working class parents: authoritarian, boss don’t show any concern, so they don’t show to theirchildren.Authoritarian: erodes the attachment, which will lead to delinquency.Authoritarian parenting: relationship between economic conditions and delinquency.Little evidence to support it.Working class parents suffer: economically constrained. Hard time paying a bill: economichostility: negative emotions, impair parents’ supervision of their children. Parents’ economicstress: neglecting and rejecting. They don’t have energy to be good parents.They have no time to be demanding.They punish their kids regularly, explosive. High delinquency: single parent family. 2-3 times higher than intact nuclear families.8% intact fam develop behavior problems. 10-15% in single parent fams.Why?Single parent work long, try to release economic burden. Economic strain in single parent famleads to ineffective parent. Delinquency related to econ conditions.what about the other 85-90% single parent fam who do not have delinquent? They are effective.Economic strain of single parent fam: one solution will require father to pay child supports.Evidence: father pay child support: delinquency is lower.Single mother/parent families: absence of the role of the father: not just the presence of thefather, is what the father does. Even though father regularly pay child support, they are noteliminated if father is not engaged in parenting.Father see their kids couple of times a month. They do fun stuff, zoo. At the same time, they arenot very demanding of their kids. Permissive parenting, not very demanding. In order for anabsentee father to be affective, he must be authoritative. Have a good time, but make sure kidsare behaving themselves. The parenting style that the absentee father adopts matters most. Notjust on economic conditions alone.Economic conditions simply affects.Sociecological perspective: social ecology affects the family. Two additional types of parentingstyles: two other types: Parent-parenting approach and child-orianted.Parent-oriented: obedient. Why? because I said so. Obey parents’ own need.Child: more nurturing. View discipline as a vehichle: to help children become better adults. A particular kind of punishments: corporal punishment/physical: corporal punishment: associatewith a parent-oriented approach. However, this is only among whites.Among blacks: associated with both parenting approaches. Why child-oriented as well?Race: not about race, about place. We have to consider the dynamics and conditions. And otherstuff about people who live there. Many African-American: live in inner city conditions. About inner city conditions: dangerous,juvenile delinquent. Inner city areas: historically black concentrated. Parents: harsher control,corporal punishment.Inner city environment: more punitative: they pretect their children from police, or other people.Does it work? Two hypos:1. The parental buffering hypothesis: harsh parenting does indeed work. The greater controlsexercise by parents will shield children from the street.2. Evaporation hypothesis: strict parental control will not work. They maybe very strict or verycontrolling. Parental control evaborates, influence of street is too great, overcome parentalcontrol.Punishment: inner, poor communities: parents become even more punitive: to compensate for allthe parental controls evaporates on the street. Parents more controlling. Explains why parents inthose conditions so harsh.Generally, harsh parents weakens children’s attachment to families: white, suburbancommunities: child: unnecessary, authoritarian, not much danger.Inner city: children: indication of parental concern and does control their behavior. Notauthoritarian, but seems to be authoritative. They perceive the parent’s demanding as an effort.Social ecology not only effects parenting and punishment, and also how children perceiveparenting and punishment.Marital violence: violence between parents: Economic strain: marital conflict.Inter-parental violence on children: learning theory to explain this effect.Akers: imitation: another person rewarded, the person will engage in that behavior himself.Vicarious learning: same idea presented by Akers’ imitation. They engage in the behavior becausethey see others do it. When see one parent abuse another, they learn (wrong idea).Vicarious learning: no benefit in spouses, without the situation being resolved. The dynatics: nothelp the vicarious learning. However, the child may learn the violence if the child himself hasbeen abused. Child abuse does get results from children. They learn this in a very obviously experiential way.Abstract modeling: what children learn about the dffectiveness of violence: generalized. to allothe relationships that child will have in the future. Not the specific behavior (child abuse), it’s the underlying principle, rule. The principle ofviolence is learned. The child learned: violent behavior will be rewarded.The child will behavior more violently. Tell us more about parents: the parents’ violent behavior towards spouse or child: anti-socialorientation: