Criminology(SOC 2230)Exam 1February 4, 2013R. D. McConnellPlease mark your answers with a no. 2 pencil on the bubble sheet provided. Feel free to write on or mark the multiple-choice section of this exam as you need. Submit only your bubble sheetswhen you finish. You should keep this list of questions for future reference.Multiple-ChoiceA. Classical criminology assumes which of the following?A. Human goodness.B. Rational criminals.C. Crime is caused.D. Atavistic criminality.B. A system of criminal justice in which a legal formula prescribes a definite punishment for a certain crime iswhich of the following?A. Neoclassical criminologyB. Positivist criminologyC. Determinate criminologyD. Indeterminate criminologyC. Beccaria believed that an increase in which of the following aspects of punishment would not be effective in preventing crime?A. DeterrenceB. CertaintyC. CelerityD. Severity2D. What was Beccaria describing in the following quote?“An immediate punishment is more useful; because the smaller the interval of time between the punishment and thecrime, the stronger and more lasting will be the association of the two ideas of Crime and Punishment; so that they may be considered, one as the cause, and [the] other as the unavoidable and necessary effect. It is demonstrated, that the association of ideas is the cement which unites the fabric of the human intellect; without which, pleasure and pain would be simple and ineffectual sensations.”A. General deterrenceB. CertaintyC. CelerityD. Specific deterrenceE. Which of the following concepts refers to how people who have not committed crimes are discouraged from crime by seeing criminals punished?A. Determinate sentencingB. Specific deterrenceC. Indeterminate sentencingD. General deterrenceF. Consider the following two statements by Adolphe Quetelet:“In the study of human affairs we rely on the same principles used to study other natural causes.”“The crimes which are annually committed seem to be a necessary result of our social organization… society prepares the crime, and the guilty are only the instrumentsby which it is executed.”These statements represent which school of criminology?A. ClassicalB. PositivistG. Lombroso attempted to show that the features and behaviors of criminals were due to which of the following?A. BrutalizationB. EvolutionC. Atavism3D. PositivismH. Lombroso interpreted which of the following as a stigmata indicating human atavism?A. TattoosB. EpilepsyC. SelfishnessD. RationalityI. Who developed the philosophy which is the basis for positivist criminology?A. Adolphe QueteletB. Thomas HobbesC. Auguste ComteD. Cesare LombrosoJ. Positivist criminology has the aim of identifying what?A. Causes of crimeB. Rationality of crimeC. Criminal decision makingD. Administration of justiceK. Sutherland observed that violations of antitrust laws would be punishable like crimes if the offending party disregarded which of the following?A. Stipulation B. ReparationC. InjunctionD. Cease and desist orderL. White-collar offenses are at the start violations of what type of law?A. Civil lawB. Criminal lawM. A doctor performs an unnecessary elective surgery whichresults in the patient’s death. This, by a certain conceptualization of crime, would be called “murder”. What concept does Michalowski use to refer to “harm caused by acts or conditions that are legal but producesimilar consequences to those produced by illegal acts”? (Lanier and Henry 2010:35)A. Occupational crimeB. Social harm4C. White-collar crimeD. Analogous social injuryN. The case of the trust between Dean Foods and the Dairy Farmers of America would not fully qualify as a white-collar offense by Sutherland’s definition for what reason?A. An injunction was not violatedB. No action was taken by the stateC. Civil law prohibits such trustsD. No social harm was evidentO. Herman Schwendinger and Julia Schwendinger assert the following:“All persons must be guaranteed the fundamental prerequisites for well-being, including food, shelter, clothing, medical services, challenging work, and recreational experiences, as well as security from predatory individuals or repressive and imperialistic services, and enjoyable relationships are not to be regarded as rewards or privileges.”The Schwendingers’ argument identifies as crime anything which violates what?A. Social contractB. Human rightsC. Free marketD. Civil lawP. What Durkheim called “crime in the community of saints”performs which function of crime?A. Mechanical solidarityB. Transformative functionC. Solidarity functionD. Organic solidarityQ. What, in Durkheim’s theory, do actions called “crimes” do in their transformative function?A. Strengthen the collective conscienceB. Cause a state of “normlessness”5C. Bring about adaptive social changeD. Regulate human appetitesR. Anomie, as described by Durkheim, is which of the following?A. No social changeB. InjusticeC. Over-regulationD. NormlessnessS. Durkheim observed the functions of crime primarily in societies with what?A. Organic solidarityB. AnomieC. Social changeD. Mechanical solidarityT. The following quote from Durkheim suggest which function of crime?“for its part, crime must no longer be conceived of as an evil which cannot be circumscribed closely enough. Far fromthere beign cause for congratulation when it drops too noticeably below the normal level, this apparent progress assuredly coincides with and is linked to some social disturbance.” (Durkheim [1895] 1982:102)A. Mechanical solidarityB. Transformative functionC. Diagnostic functionD. Organic solidarity6True-FalseU. Lombroso maintained in the last editions of his work that most criminals are atavistic “born criminals”.A. True.B. False.V. Sutherland argued that the state’s reaction to a white-collar offense indicates a social harm has been done.A. True.B. False.W. Sutherland argued that even when a violation of civil law by an individual or a corporation is not punishable, that offense can still be identified as a white-collar crime.A. True.B. False.X. Durkheim developed his theory of anomie to specificallyexplain crime.A. True.B. False.Y. Changes in the crime rates of developing nations support a Durkheimian anomie theory of crime.A. True.B.