3/26 SutherlandSutherland developed White Collar Crimemost famous for differential association theory in delinquency in crime"learning theory"--social ecologysocial ecology takes macroscopic overview ---cities/zones within citiesmicro sociological theory---people within particular kinds of social ecologymechanistic/situational theorycrime is spontaneously/immediately caused (stimuli in a person's environment e.g. a person maybe experiencing strain/anomie, so commit crime) caused by some variableSutherland found an explanation of crime and delinquency has to be more complexhistorical/genetic theory of crime looks at the process by which someone enters into criminal behavior process which young person becomes delinquent----overtime---because a series of things happened in his/her biographySutherland traces criminal behavior back to its very source---a person's environment/social interactionsa person's behavior in one point at a time-represent a series of things occurred earlier in the time---led him/her to delinquent behaviordeductive/propositional theorystatements describe what's going on/connections between particular factorstheory built on logicstarts with very general statement---then theorist unpack the statement (ask"then what?"---another proposition)how factors are related to one anotherDeductiveHistorical/Genetic: not biological theory.Complicated because he does not just assume one cause one result.Propositions of Differential Association1. Criminal behavior is learned.People don’t invent crime, they learn about crime that already happens. the other 8 theories follow this one.2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of CommunicationThe learning of criminal behavior is a social process; you learn it with other people.Deliberately vague: he talked about communication of gestures. Criminal behavior is not only explicitly in wordsor what people say. A certain look will reinforce the learning. Facial expression.Gestures: pick up certain criminal attitudes.Crime is learnt in very subtle ways in communications between individuals.3. The principle part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within Intimate personal groups.Co-presence: something happens when people face to face. People can influence the behavior more. Morepowerful. Sex: same roomBusiness travel to co-presenceConformity: Merton talked about it. Sutherland: conformity is micro level. People will conform to his particulargroup. An individual will associate with one group than the other.This process of learning is social.Technology: a person will not learn from media. Sutherland: underestimate the effect of the media4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes: a) Techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple.b) The specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.The criminal has to learn the skills.Sutherland assumes crime as a profession that requires certain skill, but not just the hard skill. One has to learnhow to feel the certain way of crime in order to commit it.Sutherland observed crime requires linguistic construct: the person expresses intent to commit a crime. Alinguistic construct defines a situation as the criminal opportunity.There’s a rationalization behind the crime. 1) the situation calls for a crime. The person see crime justified. Theyare asking for it. 2) An intent 3) structures the person’s actions: have certain goal in mind. The person is alsoimagining the criminal means to reach that goal. Criminals think what they are doing.Psychologist: certain crimes such as shop lifting or assassin are somehow have the urgent deep in the person.Irrational impulses. They compel the person to steal and set the building on fire.A person does not commit arsen rather they have a goal in mind that the crime is rationalized. The rationalizationof criminal activity.5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable orunfavorable.The crime arises from an attitude and oppose to the law. Crime results when the person sees the law asillegitimate. Crime: unfavorable view of the law.“fuck the law” on the bus: unfavorable definition of the legal law.Different ethnic groups may have practices that are different to that of American society. Modern society hasbroken up to different groups, different belief systems.Individualism: for ourselves. Every individual decide for himself whether the law is legitimate. The individualismof our society allows that to happen.We are horizontally mobile: we move around a lot. Some ideas that we picked up are against legal codes.6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitionsunfavorable to violation of law.Unfavorable/favorable to violation of the law.What kind of definition does the person have on his head? If a person has more definitions favorable to theviolation to the law, he will do crime.Unfavorable definition: the person will not commit crime.7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves allof the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.The process of learning is the same. If a person conforms, they are conforming because they have learneddefinitions favorable to the legal code. Illegal: the content of learning.Sutherland: give us some instructions. You can watch this process unfavorable to the legal code.9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those generalneeds and values since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.eg. anomie theory: Merton’s theory of American dream: people are pursuing certain values. Those values inAmerican culture are criminogenic and lead to high crime rates. However, lots of people pursuing the beautifuldream and are not criminals.Some inner zones of the city: delinquency rates: some people crime some don’t. cant explain the diff betweenthose two groups.Su’s theory is the start and guide of research in this field. Some limitations exist. Learning theory: involves the nature of crime.Is crime all that complex? Involve in learning? A person is trained?Craking a safe