- Demonic (preclassical era)o Evil souls within the body.o Extremely harsh punishments to rid body of supernatural effects, publico Death penalty is around todayo Crime against gods willo No real deterrence o People were born into positions of wealth and power- Classical (Beccaria, Hobbes) (17th century, Enlightenment)o Determinate sentencing, deterrence, severity, certainty, celerity, brutalization thesis, specific deterrence, general deterrence)o Before this monarchies ran and justice was arbitrary barbarous and harsho Strategy for administering justice according to rational principleso Assures that individuals are free, selfish and rationalo Concerned with administration and criminal justice Punishment outweighs committing the crime No death penaltyo Characteristics (swift, proportionate, clearly stated, certain, equal)o Social contracto Brutalization thesis Gov’t/media show that killing is okay to the publico Determinate sentencing- Positivists (Lombroso, Quetelet)o Crime based on what external factors or internal natural factors Genes, Darwinism, natural forces, environment Biological, psychological, sociological- Descendent of animalso Punish those who deserve it People with bio problems are killed to weed them outo No choice for their actionso Scientific methodo Indeterminate (based on circumstances) punishment- Anomie (French revolution/industrial revolution) (lawless, no regulation)o Humans are a bottomless abyss. All they do is consume. Never satisfiedo Morality puts a bottom on their appetiteo Morals collapsed after revolutionso Different theories Durkheim: society is in a state of anomie normlessness, no morals or regulation Merton: rejection of cultural goals and were institutionalized means by the individual (place yourself in a typology) Messner/rosenfeld: anomie arises due to a lack of regulation from noneconomicistitutions1. Raffaele Garofalo (1851-1934, Italian)a. Student of Lombrosoi. Coined criminology in 18851. Was against classical school, believed in scientific method of crimea. Analysis of crime causation and statistical analysis2. Three theoriesa. Kill those who are psychologically incapable of social lifeb. Long sentencing for nomads or primitive tribesc. To help people who have commit crimes under pressures2. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) social contracta. Beliefsi. thought people were goodii. anything criminal was against human nature (moral failure)iii. punishment should be severe (b/c went against god’s will)1. state enforces and considered as god3. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1678) mercantilisma. Humans were bad, selfish, self-interested by natureb. War of all against alli. Social contract4. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794, Italian) 1st criminologista. Published book in 1764 on crime and punishmentb. People commit crimes because they outweigh the punishmentsc. If you commit crime x, you get punishment x. other circumstances irrelevant d. Laid foundatione. Mercantilism (state sponsored trade monopolies) capitalismi. Monopolies created certain cities to become large/small wealthy/poorii. System based off of trade system. Rational and predictable f. Judges should not interpret laws, they only help decide who is innocent/guiltyg. Beliefs i. Rationality, calculability, predictability (capitalism)1. Innocent till proven guilty2. Judged by jury of one’s peers3. Right to appeal4. Determinant sentencingii. 2 principles of punishment1. Severity: punishment greater than the benefits or crime2. Certainty: you know what you’ll get3. Celerity: punishment must be right after the crimeiii. Deterrence theory: punishments were certain/quick to prevent crime1. Specific: when offender is punished and realizes he doesn’t want to be punished again2. General: sees someone else being punished and decides they don’t want that to happen to them5. Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874) mathematician, social mechanicsa. Society operates as a machine, so they’re predictablei. Social mechanicsb. What caused crime was lack of wealth and moral depravity i. Proposed moral education6. CesareLombroso (Italian 1835-1909)a. 1876 published his book, man of geniusb. Evolutionary characteristics that appear in usi. Atavism (only 35% show this)1. Stigmata: physical characteristics that show atavisma. Biological traits show criminalsii. Get rid of biological ill 1. Determinant sentencing c. Charles Darwini. On the origin of species (1859)7. Émile Durkheim (French revolution) (1858-1917) Classicist along with marx and webera. Biological determinismb. 3 Theories (Crime is whatever anybody says it is)i. Functions of crime: What crime does in society, crime emerges from society, changes it. Crime has a function in societyii. Anomie theory of crime (originator): Explains how crime might happen or change during rapid growth of a society or social change1. People are bottomless pits and society makes you stop at certain point. When there is rapid change the society can serve purpose of stopping unlimited wants. 2. Society is what causes people to have unlimited wants American dreamiii. 3 functions of crime1. Solidarity function: how does everything in society stick togethera. 2 theoriesi. Mechanical solidarity (overregulation): earliest, small tribal type. Based on resemblance (everyone is the same) no diversityii. Organic solidarity (Under regulation): what we live in. division of labor. Society is a living body (organs) breaks society.1. Anomie theory (division of labor)b. Crime brings people togetheri. They talk about it, society reinforcedii. Brings standards of moralsc. By having a societal standard, we can compare crimed. Needed in society needs this as crime levels become suppressed, new concepts of crime arisei. CRIME IN THE COMMUNITY OF SAINTS1. When crime disappears, a new crime forms2. Transformative functiona. People who break laws help change societyb. How strong the collective conscience should bei. People need to be weak and adapt to be strongerc. People with guts to make changes are going against collective conscience, considered criminals3. Diagnostic functiona. Something crime does for the social sciencesb. Society needs to be flexible enough to allow changei. Healthy society has a moderate crime rate8. Merton (1910-2003)a. Macrosociology and microsociologyb. Goals and means are from the culture of a societyc. Effective equilibrium: the means for the goal are just as exciting as reaching the goali. You get as much pleasure from the means as you do from the