There’s not a one independent variable that causes crime. The person’s life goes on differentstages. A person’s behavior: a state of life given point of life.It is highly likely a person will enter into substage of life like the one before. The stage of lifedetermines next. Fall into further criminalgenic conditions.Stage dependent theory: allow the possibility of change. A person may enter a stage wheneverything is different and his behavior will change. He enters a stage of life which doesn’tencourage criminal behavior. Rate low.Sampson and Laub: state dependent social control theory.Social control theory: opposite of Hirschi’s theory, who emphasis on childhood.S and L: adult stages of the life course. Different ages of social control exists at different lifecourse. Social control may increase or decrease when the person moves from one institution tothe next.Informal Social Control: different from formal social control: exerted by the police, socialauthority.S and L: and H focus on informal social control, exercised by others, family, friends, lovers.In relationships: people develop social capital, the relationships which tie a person to acommunity. Social capital enable the person to attain goals. You know people and those peoplehelp you get to where you wanna go.There are four elements of social capital: investment, returns, savings, control results.I: a person invests time energy and affection into relationships. When you invest, you fear losingthose investments.Returns: assistance, emotional support, they expect to get something back.Salients: individual has more capitals, have more salient, will control the person’s behavior more.Qualities of people’s relationships:Persistence: criminals will persist, will continue illegal activity because the consequences preventthem to develop relationships, which will affect another stageAn individual with crime records will find hard to find a job.Not some underlying trait, but what showed up (like low social control) .cumulative disadvantage: a person experience though life. A person is downward.Patterns of assortitive mating: people marry those who are like themselves.A person involve in crime will marry crime person.Transitivity of criminal behavior: learning theory and control theory. Learning theory will incurassortative mating. The individual criminality will be reinforced by a similarly deviant mate:learning theory.A guys commit burglary with his girlfriend: relationship: sex and drugs.Assortative mating: a partner is not affectively exerting controls other’s activity.The partners keep each other mutually in a low social control.Possible: low social control may experience new, higher control in another setting.AM: people very often do enter the stages that social control is larger, they start building socialcapital. Typically such relationships are initiated by others.Disistence: A good wife guarantees nothing. May be another person to abuse. But there is hopethrough social control.Late on-set of social behavior: if a person loses his job, he may be left out control. They don’tstart crime until the later stage of their lives.What is causing the arrest rate to increase? Incidence of criminal activity, prevalence. Age crimecurve only indicates number of arrests, not crime. Incidence: number of crime committed in apopulation. More crimes happening. Same people will be arrested over and over again.Prevalence: the number of people in a population committing crimes. The increase of the agecrime curve: more juvenile enter into crime. The size of the criminally active increases, whichcreases the shape of curve.The shape of the age crime curve is created by a particular type.Life-course persistent delinquency. make up 8-10% population. They start with neuroimpairment. Biology is not destiny, the neuro alone doesn’t cause crime. Those children are hardto control and parents hostile to them, only exascerbate the underlying negative response.L: underlying trait: temporary consequences: the expression of this underlying trait.Contemporarily.Adolescence limited: start later, around age 12. The AL engages in antisocial behavior likeadapting. Maturity gap: you are feeling grownup, people are treating you like a child.They rebelling: knife-off the string. claiming the adult independence.The gap closes when they get into college. They are recognized as adults.Slope of age crime curve is not steep. Juvenile delinquence: experience some cumulative disadvantages from their early delinquentbehavior. Some segment of the population is different: AL: a state dependent explaination. People onlydelinquent during adolescent years. Many people do change, very extreme criminal activity, butmany do