COMM 1000 1nd Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Organizational CommunicationII. Organizational CultureIII. Types of Organizational CulturesIV. Functions of CommunicationV. Organizational Sense-makingVI. Supervisory CommunicationOutline of Current Lecture VII. Network StructuresVIII. Types of CommunicationA. Downwards CommunicationB. Upward CommunicationC. Horizontal CommunicationD. Informal CommunicationIX. Health CommunicationX. Early American Campaign EffortsXI. Campaigns TodayXII. Information SeekingXIII. Other Communicative IssuesXIV.Distance SpanningCurrent LectureNetwork Structures-- Organizations and small groups are often viewed from this perspective- “Nodes” are connected by ”links”- Networks vary in many characteristicso Centralization is a key ideao How restricted is the communication?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Centralized vs decentralizedTypes of Communication-- Downwards communicationo Initiated by management, then filters down through “chain of command”o Redundancy helpfulo “Point of diminishing returns”: Busy people need more reminders to act on downward communication But…more is better only up to a pointo One characteristic is lack of accuracyo It goes through so many filters that things get changedo By the time a message reaches the lower levels it is often distorted (6th level of distribution-20% of indo remains)- Upward Communicationo Ideas, feelings and perceptions of lower-level employees communication to those at higher levelso Why is it important? Helps employees feel they have a “voice” Gets info to management Gauges effectiveness of downward communicationo Not always encouragedo Subordinates are often reluctanto Management reluctance to hear upward communication causes problemso Upward receptivity describes management’s willingness to receive messages fromsubordinates (open-door policy)o Employees may be reluctant to initiate verbal upward communication; so managers must initiateo Ingratiation is upward communication to make oneself look better through flattery, self-disclosure or tokens of attitude similarityo Humor may improve the boss-subordinate relationship- Horizontal communicationo Exchanges between and among people on the same level of the organizationo Four functions of horizontal communication: Task coordination Problem solving Information sharing Conflict resolution1. Organizations use new training exercises to encourage communication across levels2. Flows among those at the same level3. Differentiation-integration problems occur when levels don’t cooperate and duplicate servicesa. Redundancy- when you are doing the same work as someone elseb. Redundancy happens when there is lack of communication4. Unit loyalty and competition may deter horizontal communication- Informal Communication-1. Includes rumor as one way of relieving tension (e.g. rumor mill or grapevine)2. Inadequate downward communication creates a vacuum that rumor fills3. Two types of gossipa. Self-serving (destructive)i. May help yourself to tell someone you heard they were going to get firedb. Group-serving (productive)4. Rumors vary by ambiguity of the situation, importance of issue, and an individual’s sense of the rumor’s validityo Rumors undergo 3 types of changes as they pass from person to person: Leveling- some details are omitted Sharpening- exaggeration of some parts of the rumor Assimilation- people distort messages to fit their own view of things- If I like professor A and not professor B and they are fighting; I might say professor B started the fight because of my view of himHealth Communication: Campaigns and Interpersonal Issues-- Health communication refers to many areas:o Media campaignso Patient-provider communicationo Small group and organizational issueso Preventiono Disease diagnosis and treatmento Risky behavioro Chronic diseasesEarly American Campaign Efforts- 1721 – Cotton Mather went door-to-door and spread the word through pamphletso Smallpox Immunization Campaign- 1800’s – The Temperance Leagueo Anti-alcohol campaigns- 1900’so Anti-tuberculosis campaigns – again mass and door-to-door- 1950’so dental hygiene and world health campaignsCampaigns Today- Above the influence- Know - Remember Last NightInformation Seeking-- Info seeking is a primary concern with health communicationo Reduce uncertainty about situationo Make sense of a diagnosiso Make decisions about treatmentso Get and give supporto Manage stress- Getting info from caregivers often ranks lower than other sources (e.g., friends)Other Communicative Issues- Credibility of sources of informationo Who is giving support? Who is giving info on treatments?o Some providers appreciate patient seeking info, some do not- “Distance spanning” enables utilizing expertise that ordinarily wouldn’t be accessibleDistance Spanning-Significant OtherYou Mom-Nurse