COMM 10001nd Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Dialectical PerspectiveA. Autonomy vs. ConnectionB. Certainty vs. Uncertaintya. Psychological Trustb. Behavioral TrustC. Openness vs. ClosenessII. Love StylesIII. DominanceIV. Dominance in a RelationshipV. PowerVI. Proximity and Geographic ClosenessVII. Proximity: Dating and WorkVIII. AttractionIX. Similarity Attracts, Not OppositesOutline of Current Lecture X. Situations Modify AttractionXI. ContextsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. ConfirmationB. DisconfirmationXII. ClimatesA. Supportiveness & DefensivenessB. Affection & ControlC. Chilling EffectXIII. Knapp’s Life Cycle ModelA. Gradual Relationship GrowthB. Relational De-escalationXIV.Sudden Death Vs. Fading AwayXV. Reasons for DissolutionXVI. Duck’s StageCurrent LectureSituations Modify Attraction-1. Perceived reciprocity of liking is whether you think the other also likes youa. Without reciprocity, liking is lostb. Reciprocity is a predictor of attractioni. It makes someone more attractive if they like usc. Reciprocity may be even more important than attitude similarity in long-term relationshipsd. Two explanations include: people who like you increase your sense of self-worth and liking is a compliment that is returned2. Changes in one’s level of self-esteem may affect who is liked (change or rebound to fit in with new group)a. Related to whom you might be attracted to3. Anxiety or one’s need to interact affects affiliation: people who share unpleasant experiences become more cohesive/desirable4. Isolation from the rewards of others affects who is desirablea. Standards drop if you have been isolatedb. Or if you have been single for a long timeContexts (Climate or social-psychological context)-- Confirmation and Disconfirmation:1. Every message has a content and relationship dimension2. Messages imply a certain relationship by their phrasing3. Confirming messages cause the receiver to value him/herself more. 4. Disconfirming messages cause the receiver to value him/herself less5. Not all messages should be confirmingClimates-- Confirming Climates have messages that:o Acknowledge the persono Provide an authentic response to othero Focus on listening- Disconfirming Climates have messages characterized by:o Impervious responses (ignoring)o Interrupting responses (break in)o Tangential responses (go off topic)o Impersonal responses (disengagement)o Disagreement focusing on person (rather than ideas)- Supportiveness and defensivenesso Defensiveness is a response to not being accepted for who we areo Defensiveness is behaviors used to protect ourselves from what we perceive as a threato Gibb lists six categories of supportive/defensive climates[Defensive Supportive](a) Evaluation Description(b) Control (dominance) Problem Orientation(Addressing the problem)(c) Strategy (manipulative) Spontaneity(d) Neutrality Empathy(e) Superiority Equality(f) Certainty Provisionalism(Not open to other ideas)o Empathy is related to supportivenesso Trust (built through supportiveness) is related to all five outcomes/intents of communication [understanding, pleasure, attitude influence, improved relationships, and action]- Affection & Control (Dominance):o Two primary relationship dimensions1. Affection is the love/hate aspect of the relationship (tender/loving to hostile /aggressive)2. Control is the dominance/submission dimension (exploitative/domineering to dependent/self-effacing)3. Behavior on the affection dimension tends to elicit similar responses (liking elicits liking)4. Behavior on the control dimension tends to elicit complementary responses (submission elicits dominance)5. Without agreement over control, it is continually renegotiated6. Affection and control are independent dimensions and not automatically related in any pairings- Chilling Effect:o Idea that person with greater power ‘encourages’ other person into silence Ex. powerless person doesn’t bring up issues that are a problemKnapp’s Life Cycle Model-o Communication plays a different function in each part of the cycleo Cycles are sequential but may regress or stop at any stageo Two cycles are coming together and coming apart- Stage 1: Coming together has five stages of gradual relationship growth; happens over timeo Initiating (show interest in communicating)o Experimenting (sample topics to learn about other)o Intensifying (beginning of intimacy/self-disclosure)o Integrating (persons consider themselves a unit)o Bonding (a formal ritualizing of relationship)- Relational De-escalation:o Frequently, one party ‘decides’ to end it before the othero We call them the ‘leaver’ and the ‘left’o Can happen suddenlyo ‘sudden death’ Catastrophe Theory (math/psych)o Or gradually ‘fading away’- Sudden Death vs Fading Away:o Sudden Death can happen due to:o 3rd partieso Other major changes: job, schoolo Fading away happens due to many relational factorso Many involve poor communication- Reasons for Dissolution:o Loneliness IN the relationshipo Decrease in stimulation/ interesto Third partyo Relational changes (psychological, behavioral)o Undefined expectationso Financialo Inequitable distribution of rewards and costs- Stage 2: Coming apart involves stages of decreasing intimacy o If intimacy is high, justifications for termination are neededo Knapp offers five stages of deterioration Differentiating (focus shifts to differences over similarity Circumscribing (reducing frequency/intimacy of contact) Stagnating (communication more like that of strangers) Avoiding (physical or psychological separation) Terminating (end of relationship)o Steps can be skipped in the processo Steps can be applied to both male/female and same-sex relationshipsDuck’s Stage-- Duck focuses on what the INDIVIDUAL is doing during relational de-escalation- Duck’s Four Relationship Dissolution Phases1. Intrapsychic (partner(s) focusing internally on problems; begin to complain to others)2. Dyadic (confrontation; discussion of issues)3. Social (talk to others about breakup; seek support for decision)4. Grave dressing (look to others for justification of breakup; create account of