COMM 1000 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. EthicsII. Aristotle’s Golden MeanIII. Kant’s Categorical ImperativeIV. Bentham and Mills UtilitarianismV. Rawls’ Principle of JusticeVI. Lying and MisrepresentationA. PlagiarismB. Paraphrasing VII. Lippard: Five Reasons for LyingVIII. Bok: Moral Excuses for LyingIX. Disclosing SecretsOutline of Current Lecture X. Disclosing SecretsXI. TechnologyXII. WhistleblowingXIII. Moral CourageXIV.Whistleblowing CasesXV. LeaksCurrent LectureDisclosing secrets also has ethical dimensions- 5. When do rights to privacy outweigh the public’s right to know? 6. Concealment of victim identitiesa. Information about Kobe Bryant’s accuser was publishedb. She was identified again after filing a civil suit 7. Information in the political realma. Kennedy’s illnessb. Reagan’s injuryc. Elizabeth Edwards’ illness d. Cheney health concerns 8. Technology raises privacy issuesa. Cookies allow internet activity to be tracedb. Electronic monitoring on the job may invade privacyc. Public opinion after 9/11 was divided concerning monitoringThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Technology creates more ethical complexity-- Studentso Papers available online (and a lot more)o Technology also makes catching plagiarism easier- People misrepresent themselves online- “Hate sites” foster online bigotryo Offer dangerous adviceo Protect anonymity of message posterso One estimate puts the number of hate sites in the U.S. at 803 in 2005; 11,500 in 2010o www.tolerance.org can provide more informationWhistleblowing-Identifying ethical violations in one’s own group- Bok identifies three elements of whistleblowing:o Dissent from the groupo Breach of loyalty to the group Usually when others are doing something bado Specific individuals are accused of responsibilityMoral Courage is a commitment to moral principles, awareness of the danger involved;willingness to endure the dangerWhistleblowing Cases-- Special Agent Coleen Rowley’s letter to FBI Director Muellero Expressed concerns about failure to deal with warnings of terrorist activity priorto 9/11o Acknowledged whistleblowing so “Whistleblower Protection” would apply- Sherron Watkins of Enron and Cynthia Cooper of WorldCom illustrate unique role ofwomeno Insider/outsider needed to blow the whistle on corporationso Women are perhaps more likely to be insiders/outsiders- The Insider is based on the case of Jeffrey Wigand, an employee-turned-witness againstBrown & Williamsono Got fired- Peter Rost’s actions against Pfizero Counter sued him and fired himLeaks are secrets made known to others by an anonymous source-- The source avoids responsibility for the information- Leaks can seriously impact business- Shadow pages are web pages created to attack another person, corporation or site- Dr. Wen Ho Lee’s reputation was destroyed by leaks- Timing of leaks is often manipulated- Freedom of the press and source confidentiality require difficult ethical judgments- Rhetorical frames can vary with culture, making these issues even more complexo Sacredness of all human life proposed as a basic, universal principleo Respect for human dignity, truth telling and nonviolence follow from