COMM 1000 1nd Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. CharismaII. StereotypesIII. Verbal CommunicationIV. SymbolsV. ReferentsVI. Kind of RulesA. SemanticB. SyntacticC. PragmaticOutline of Current Lecture VII. Codes and Meaning TypesVIII. Types of CodesA. PrivateB. ShareC. RestrictedD. CodeswitchingIX. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisX. Language ProblemsA. Abstract LanguageB. InferencesC. DichotomiesD. Euphemisms These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.E. Equivocal LanguageXI. CultureXII. Sexist LanguageXIII. Women as ChoreographersXIV.Gender Role SocializationCurrent LectureCodes and Meaning Types:- Remember, meaning isn’t contained IN words- So, we might talk about CODES- Codes are special types of languages- With special word/meaning relationshipsTypes of Codes:- Codes are special languages- Private: idiosyncratic to the individual- Share-correspondence between sender and receivero Physicians o Clubs, groupso Families- Restricted codes-between intimateso Only understood between people in the relationshipo Typical of romantic couples- Codeswitchingo Referred to as shifting to different styles-casual, quasi-literaryo Frequent codeswitching within a single conversation can be used by a speaker for the purpose of negotiating poweroSapir-Whorf Hypothesis:- The idea that language sustains culturally different perceptions of the world- In general,o Our thoughts are influenced by languageo Man and wife-why is it not women?o Chairman-why not chairwomen? o “the kids in my class”-why not students?- Strong Determinismo Language determines thoughts- Weak Determinismo Language influences our thoughts- Current Pop Viewo Thoughts influenced by language- Supported byo Piraha: there is one, two or manyLanguage1. Serves as an aid to our memories2. Enables abstractions from our experiences (displacement)Language Problems:- Abstract languageo vague, impreciseo we make attempts to be precise but it is difficult interpreting the law interpreting the BibleCommunicationMessage exchangeFace to face talking- Inferenceso Conclusion or judgment derived from evidence or assumptionso We do it ALL the time Factual versus inferential Not possible to avoid- Language does not afford differentiationo Sense of verified facts and non-sense verified facts o Your goal is to become more conscious Weight the risks of inferring- Dichotomieso Polar words All or nothing dichotomies (false dichotomies)o Disregard the space between characteristics Either Success_ _ _ _ Failureo Should be asking “How much and to what extent are we successful?”- Euphemismso Substitute mild, vague, or less emotionally charged terms for more blunt ones Heavyset (fat), under-tall (short), peaks and valleys (peaks may be short and valleys may be long)o Severity, explicitness, and clarity suffero Similar to music-there are many things that people say in their songs that have hidden meanings- Equivocal languageo Assuming that a word of phrase has only one meaning (unequivocal) One word meaning fallacyo Let’s get a drink after the showo Two Main Problems1. Same word use same meaning making (pg.84)Two people talking FtFTwo lovers talking FtFTwo lovers talking FtF about their loveBill and Tina are making wedding plansBill and Tina are making wedding plans for May2. Different words means we disagreeCulture- Language = our most explicit form of communication for receivers to interpret- Cultural divestitures are not grammaticalo Based on a point of view- Zambia versus the USo Situational experiences (dwell on the situation) versus problem solvers- India versus China and Japano Truthfulness (bluntly honest) versus lack of argumentation (aren’t telling all the truths)- Western and Eastern Philosophy: Argumentationo West-equality of participation, freedom from social coercion, suspension of privilege, free expression of feelingo East-avoid argumentation due to personal rivalries, lifelong opponents- Sapir-Whorfo Thought processes are shaped by language which is shaped by cultural traditionsSexist Language- US language is sexist towards femaleso Males represented by fewer and more positive terms- Occupational nounso Policeman, fireman, anchorman- Sexist language ultimately elevates men above women (sometimes quite subtly)- Language, intention, inferencesGender, Sex, Sexuality, Communication-Gender and Sex- One’s “sex” refers to their biological apparatus- “Gender” is more of a continuum- Bem’s AndrogynyMore Feminine Less Masculine Androgyny More MasculineLess FeminineSome Differences:- Stereotype that women talk more than men- Research does not support this- Men tend to decide what to talk about and for how long- Women do tend to disclose more than men, however:o Both make negative disclosures about equally o Men have more “taboo” topicsWomen as Choreographers:- Women facilitate conversations byo Asking more questionso Eliciting responseso Tag questions (It’s good, don’t you think?)o Using positive minimal response (“uh-huh”)o Explicity acknowledging the other personGender Role Socialization:- Language can shape identity- Boys and girls receive explicit and implicit messages telling them how males and femalesare expected to act in a given cultures- Some differences:o Discussing emotionso Social orientation o What is