COMM 1000 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Group Interaction StyleII. Attitude Towards GroupsIII. CultureIV. Mainstream CultureV. Co-CulturesVI. Cultural DifferencesVII. Individualism/CollectivismVIII. High/Low Context CulturesIX. High/Low Power DistanceOutline of Current Lecture X. Masculinity/FemininityXI. Uncertainty AvoidanceXII. ChronemicsXIII. Intercultural Communication PrinciplesXIV.Verbal MessagesXV. Nonverbal Messages Vary CulturallyXVI. Intercultural Interaction/ContactXVII. BarriersXVIII. EthnocentrismXIX. Stereotyping is a generalization based on limited experienceXX. Polarization and the InternetCurrent LectureMasculinity/Femininity-These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Masculinityo Value work, strength, competition, assertivenesso Sex roles more strictly defined- Femininityo Value affection, nurturance, compassion, interpersonal relationso Sex roles more flexibleUncertainty Avoidance- Higho Less tolerance for diversityo Like rules and predictable behavioro Like lots of info and little ambiguity- Lowo More open to diversityo Tolerate change bettero Tolerate ambiguity better- Belgium, Greece and Spain- not open to diversity- Canada, Jamaica, USA- open to diversityChronemics-- Use and experience of time- Cultures also vary on this dimension- Monochronic vs polychromico Monochronic- don’t give much time to wait for someone; 10-15 minute waito Polychromic- not concerned about time and having to wait; an hour or two late- In the West, we’re very time conscious and structured. - Dinner invitation at 7 p.m.Intercultural Communication Principles-1. Shared code systemsa. Shared verbal code systemb. Shared nonverbal code systemc. The less code systems are shared, the more difficult the communication2. Shared beliefs and behaviors between communicators which lead to shared assumptions and interpretations of behaviors3. A level of knowing the beliefs and behaviors of others as different and tolerating the differenceVerbal Messages-Verbal messages are often changed in the translation1. Literal translations miss the culture-based linguistic styles2. Conventions and style vary greatly from language to language a. Arab rhetoric features exaggerationb. Latinos view Anglo political style as wasteful and self-inflatingNonverbal Messages Vary Culturally-1. Southeast Asian cultures often view the head as pure and feet as dirty2. U.S. common gestures are obscene in other countries3. People with disabilities often observe nonverbal differences in the way “able-bodied”people interact with them4. Vocal cues vary culturally5. Display of emotion also varies culturally6. Synchrony or the sharing of rhythms aids communicationa. Goleman includes synchrony as an element of social intelligenceb. Synchrony involves reading and acting on nonverbal cues without thinkingIntercultural Interaction/Contact-- Study of African Americans/European Americans/Asian Americans/Latinos at a multicultural universityo Results indicated little inter-group contacto This despite claims that people participated in intercultural interactionsBarriers-- Proximity = understanding? Not always!o Group polarization- Ethnocentrism- using one’s own group and customs as “standard” to judge others rather than just one way of doing things- Stereotyping- assuming one characteristic is shared by ALL group members or one representative IS the groupEthnocentrism-1. Comes from the Greek ethnos (nation) and kentron (center)2. Research indicates that ethnocentrism spans cultures3. Pew Global Attitudes Projecta. Older people in western societies seem to have stronger pride in culture than younger peopleb. In Eastern Europe, people of all ages tend to regard their culture as superior to othersc. Stronger ethnocentrism in Asia, Africa and Latin America4. Even geographical maps reflect ethnocentrism5. Some have suggested that the Internet, and international news coverage, might help cultivate a broader and less ethnocentric view of the worldStereotyping is a generalization based on limited experience-- Defensive projection occurs when we see our own undesirable qualities in other people- Mass media helps create many stereotypeso Even prior to 9/11 Arab men were portrayed as villains; this has increased since 9/11o African Americans and Latinos more often portrayed as criminals- Research has found evidence for Intergroup linguistic biaso African American suspects were described by Whites in abstract language o White suspects were described, by Whites, with more concrete termso Underlying bias results in these differencesPolarization and the Internet-1. Hate sites run by extremist groups are rampant2. These contribute to bigotry and perhaps violence3. Group polarization is a phenomenon that occurs when people move to more extreme positionsa. Without dissenting views, this can happenb. Technology can foster union or