COMM 1000 1nd Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Codes and Meaning TypesII. Types of CodesA. PrivateB. ShareC. RestrictedD. CodeswitchingIII. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisIV. Language ProblemsA. Abstract LanguageB. InferencesC. DichotomiesD. Euphemisms E. Equivocal LanguageV. CultureVI. Sexist LanguageVII. Women as ChoreographersVIII. Gender Role SocializationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Outline of Current Lecture IX. Conversational StructureA. Floor OneB. Floor TwoX. Gender Linked Language EffectXI. Feminist PerspectiveXII. MetacommunicationXIII. Nonverbal CommunicationA. ParalanguageB. ObjecticsC. ProxemicsD. Hall’s ProxemicsE. OrientationF. HapticsG. KinesicsH. Facial ExpressionsI. GesturesJ. OculesicsCurrent LectureConversational Structure:- The way conversations are structured or organized- Edelsky identifired “Floor One” and “Floor Two”Floor One:- Monologues- Single speaking turns- Declarative statements- Men are more likely to speak this wayFloor Two:- Free for all- Lack of clear turn taking- Conversational overlap- Repetition- Agreement structures - Women are more likely to speak this wayFloors and Comfort- Research on floors showo Men put in floor twos feel confused and less satisfiedo Women put in floor ones feel less confident and less satisfiedGLLE- Gender linked language effect (Mulac)- Transcripted conversations are rated: sex of speakers unknown to raters- Males language:o Higher in dynamism- Females language:o Aesthetic quality, higher socio-intellectual statusFeminist Perspective:- Women’s style is dictated by men’s dominance over womeno Theories of difference versus theories of dominance- Women ask more questions-WHY?o It’s their speech style To be more caring and nurturing (biological)o OR because men are reluctant to take responsibility for orchestrating conversations and force women to ask questionsMetacommunication:- Communication about communicationo Public speaking evaluationso Subtle interpersonal conversation (pg. 92) I don’t like when you nag me- Difficult skill to mastero Egocentric, bound somewhat by language Don’t change unless someone makes us aware of the problemso Conflict management and negotiation strategies can help in fostering metacommunicationChapter 4: Nonverbal Communication- Definition- use of objects, actions, sounds, time, and/or space to convey meaningo Messages transmitted with words (careful here)- Nonverbal/vocalo Vocalizations such as groans or sighso Also pitch and tone- Nonverbal/nonvocalo Facial expressions and physical gestures- Verbal/vocalo Spoken words.- Verbal/nonvocalo Words but no speaking: a letter or a book, emailImportance of Nonverbal- 65% of Meaning conveyed- Much of nonverbal is spontaneous – honest.- Give additional information to words or a message.- Verbal/ nonverbal contradictions – people believe nonverbal (kinesic slips)NVCs Relationship to VC- COMPLEMENTINGo Supporting verbal communicationo NVC can help magnify what is being said with VC- REGULATINGo Moderating and controlling interactiono Us NVC to signal when people to begin or stop talking- SUBSTITUTINGo Replacingo Waving can mean hello or goodbye so it substitutes saying something- CONTRADICTINGo Going against verbal communicationo If you say you’re happy but with a sad look on your face it can go against what you are saying- ILLUSTRATINGo A verbal message or wordo When you say you are going down a spiral staircase you may show the motion of a downward spiralParalanguage:- PARALANGUAGE (Paralinguistics)o Any vocal cues that aren’t words (volume, rate, fluency, pitch, quality). I didn’t steal her dog I didn’t steal her dog I didn’t steal her dog I didn’t steal her dog I didn’t steal her dogObjectics:- Personal appearance, adornments, car and desk lamp- Different things about someone’s life that might help you get to know someoneProxemics:- Space, distance, territoryo Interpersonal distances or claiming our space.- Culturally or egocentrically influenced- Many individual differences- Elevators- people stand close when the elevator is not full and people feel uncomfortable- Floor tiles- people see how many floor tiles they like in between them and another personHall’s Proxemics:- Edward T. Hall- Studied space use- American definition of spaceo Intimate- 0-18” (top secret)o Personal- 18”-4’ (personal subject matter)o Social- 4’-12’ (nonpersonal information)o Public 12+ feet (public information for others to hear)Orientation:- Angle of your body as you interact.- Seating preferences at a rectangular tableo Conversation (center and to the side)o Cooperation (same side)o Competition (both centered across from each other)o Coaction (one on each side) Signal that you don’t want to or don’t need to communicateHaptics:- Physical touch communicationo Affect, control, ritual, sexual, playful, accidental, instrumental- Touch is crucial to well beingo In studies, babies were not touched and they lost weight- Touch can signal affiliation/relationshipo Kissing, hugging, play fighting, high fiving- Associated with familiarity, trust, and liking.- Touch can also indicate dominanceo In a study, more scholarly professors initiated touch with newer professors or graduate studentso A punch or shoveo An unwelcomed arm on the shoulder- Distinguishing between touch as liking and touch as dominance is difficult.- Biological sex differenceso Men find more forms of touch sexualo Some studies illustrate that age and marital status influence male and female perceptions of touch.Kinesics:o Study of gestures and facial expressions- Facial Expressionso How do we communicate with our faces?o Can be intentional (a smile)o Can be unintentional (anxiety can be conveyed via facial expressions)Facial Expressions:- Ex. Raised Eyebrows:o Culturally sensitiveo May be surpriseo May be a question- Frowno Not universally understood as sadness (in US it is)- Smileo Duchene smile (where you get wrinkles by your eyes) is pretty universal for happyBody Movement and Gesture:- Still KINESICS- Movement of hands and body conveys meaning- Agreement about meaning differs from person to person- Meaning is dependent on contexto E.g. handshake, come here gesture, and okay