COMM 1000 1nd Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Kilmann and Thomas ModelA. CompetitionB. CompromiseC. AccommodationD. CollaborationII. NegotiationIII. Six-Step Model of NegotiationA. AnalyzingB. PlanningC. OrganizingD. Gaining/MaintainingE. ClosingF. Continuous ImprovementIV. Principled NegotiationV. Four “Rules of Thumb”VI. Precursor to EthicsVII. RelationshipsVIII. LyingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IX. Intimates and Lie DetectionOutline of Current Lecture X. EthicsXI. Aristotle’s Golden MeanXII. Kant’s Categorical ImperativeXIII. Bentham and Mills UtilitarianismXIV.Rawls’ Principle of JusticeXV. Lying and MisrepresentationA. PlagiarismB. Paraphrasing XVI. Lippard: Five Reasons for LyingXVII. Bok: Moral Excuses for LyingXVIII. Disclosing SecretsCurrent LectureEthics-Ethics is the study of the general nature of morals and the specific moral choices a person makes- People are more sensitive to receive than performed unethical actso Almost oblivious when we are being unethical- Personal freedom and moral responsibility often are in conflict- Ethics can be seen as an ongoing process or reflection, not a strict codeo Based on the situation- A moral instinct may existAristotle’s Golden Mean-1. Ethics dealt with one’s inner character, not just one’s acts2. Morality is to be found in moderation—the golden mean between excess and deficiencya. Courage is the mean between fear and over confidence3. Some acts have no mean: lying, adultery, murder, thefta. Unethical no matter what4. Ethics related to the happiness of the individual; politics the welfare of the communityKant’s Categorical Imperative-1. Ethics involve universal laws that are absolute and without exceptiona. Must follow a strict code2. A lie even to prevent murder is unjustifieda. can’t lie even if it’s going to protect someone’s life3. Morality is judged by intentions rather than outcomes4. Many religions use categorical imperatives (Ten Commandments)Bentham and Mill’s Utilitarianism-1. Outcomes are more important rather than intentions in morality2. Mill calls this the greatest happiness principle: actions are right if they produce great happiness/similar to the greatest good for most peoplea. Based on how much good it’s going to do for how many peopleb. At first is can be bad, but in the end it will be goodRawls’ Principle of Justice-1. To balance social inequity, put all behind a “veil of ignorance” where one’s position and interests are unknowna. Completely ignorant of gender, age, social class2. From behind the veil a fair and just decision for all can be madea. You don’t know what the other side wants or needs, but that’s goodThree principles most commonly used in making ethical decisions-1. Ends-based principles – utilitarianism exemplifies this; Bentham and Mill’s2. Rule-based principles – unchanging codes, emphasis on obligation; Kant’s3. Care-based principles – compassion, typified by the Golden Rule; Aristotle Lying and Misrepresentation-- Plagiarism is using or presenting as your own the ideas, images, or words of another source – for example, from books or online information – without acknowledgment or permission- Paraphrasing is using your own words to express or restate someone else’s words or ideas, with proper acknowledgement**Lying about a degree, exaggerating numbers, increasing previous salary, inflating titles, lying about technical abilities, claiming fluency in a language, providing a fake address, padding your GPALippard: Five reasons for lying-1. To protect/acquire material resources2. To decrease/increase affiliationa. Lie about something you disclose 3. To protect oneself4. To avoid conflict5. To protect othersBok: Moral excuses for lying-- To avoid harm- To produce benefits- For fairness- For sake of unknown truthDisclosing secrets also has ethical dimensions-1. Should one disclose behaviors of others when it would cause them or others harm?2. School shootings involve issues of loyaltya. For most school shooting at least one person had an idea or knew it was going to happen3. Ethical considerations for biographers (Nadine Gordimer example)4. Can tapes of patient therapy sessions be released after his/her death? (Anne Sexton