Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture I. Scientific CommunicationII. Social Impact of BiotechnologyIII. Climate ChangeIV. Impact of Climate ChangeV. Climate Change and SocietyVI. Computers and SocietyVII. Impact of InternetOutline of Current Lecture VIII. Impact of Science and Technology on SocietyIX. Pre-CaptialismX. Enclosure MovementXI. Technological Innovation and Agricultural RevolutionXII. Technological Innovation and Industrial RevolutionXIII. Early Capitalism Impact on SocietyXIV. “Special Kinds of Persons”XV.ExternalitiesXVI. EnvironmentSOC 100 1st EditionXVII. LaborXVIII. Political InfluenceXIX. Corporations as PersonsXX. Corporations as IndividualsXXI. How to Make Corporations Better PersonsCurrent LectureI. Impact of Science and Technology on Societya. Migration Patternsb. Politicsi. science and technology gets filtered through political views and partiesc. Economics and Captitalismi. capitalism is promoted by the rise of technology and scientific innovationii. Technology-by controlling nature, we can impose some control over economic and social conditionsII. Pre-Capitalisma. economy based on subsistence and barteri. people grew the food they ate, made own clothes, spun own clothii. barter=trading goodsb. organization of economoyi. way economies were organized is referred to as feu-dalism1. lords own the land2. vassal granted rights to the landa. run smaller communities under protec-tion of larger barring (farms, markets, landlords)b. control over propertyc. they give the lord military protection of the land that they controld. and they get the right to keep all the profits from the lorde. middlemen3. serfs are the peasants who work the landa. working for the vassalb. farmers, shoemakersc. trying to make the most out of the landd. right to subsistenceIII. Enclosure Movementb. Village Commonsi. shared resources for livestock and farmingc. “Enclosing the commons”i. put hedges around common areas and excluded vil-lagers from accessii. justified by farming techniquesiii. Beginning of Private Property Rights2. control over proptery went from common vil-lages to exclusive control of government and aristrocraftsIV. Technological Innovation and Agricultural Revolutionb. Agricultural Technological Innovationi. seed drills2. produced uniform hole, put seed in exactly right space, and covered it with right amount ofsoilii. selective breeding2. breeding cattle/livestockiii. crop rotation2. idea that you couldn’t plant same crops over and over again because of depletian of soilc. Impacti. to improve productivity of the land2. output of food goes upa. feeding more people and more products to sellV. Technological Innovation and Industrial Revolutionb. Industrial Technological Innovationi. Factory Machineryii. Steam Engines2. means of propulsion that allowed faster trans-portation without relying on horses or man powerc. Impacti. created new markets2. allowed extraction of natural resources3. transportationVI. Early Capitalism Impact on Societyb. Mass Migration to the Citiesi. moving away from country side/agriculture to the cityii. displaced farmers no longer needed to work the landiii. more food, more peopleiv. supplying labor pool for industryc. Wage Labor Systemi. people paid in money rather than trade/barterii. wages not tied raw materials, accidents, or other as-pects of productionVII.Capitalism Impact on Societyb. Development of Social Institutionsi. Currency2. faciliates exchange-makes more efficient3. depends on trustii. Stock Marketiii. The Corporation2. legal entity that has a legal personhood distinctfrom that of its members-its owners and share-holders3. without law, corporations don’t exist-- entirely legal construction4. Grant of Personhooda. limits liability of investorsi. protects investmentsii. attracts people to investb. allows corporations to enter into con-tractsc. allows them to be suedVIII. “Special Kinds of Persons”a. Committed to Shareholdersiii. corporations are supposed to maximize profits3. in the SHORT termiv. more important than any other competing interestsb. Less interested int Stakeholdersiii. labor, neighbors, public interestiv. externalities IX. Externalitiesa. costs of doing business; the corporation is going to try to find somebody else to pay forb. What kinds of conduct might emerge from self-interest/profit motive?c. What is the impact on society?X. Environmenta. Maximizing Profitsiii. Water Pollution3. BP Deepwater Horizona. hasn’t been thouroughly tested4. Air Pollutionb. Impactsiii. environmental illnessesiv. economic damagev. Climate ChangeXI. Labora. Maximizing Profitiii. ensure that workers are productive as possibleiv. pay workers as little as possiblev. Outsourcingb. Impactiii. Drives down wages and creates income inequalityXII.Polticial Influencea. Maximizing Profitiii. make sure that the state protects the corporations/shareholder’s interestsiv. pro-business laws/deregulationb. Impactiii. massive amounts of campaign contributionsXIII. Corporations as Personsa. Free Speechiii. Citizens United vs Federal Election Commission3. these associations of individuals have the right of free speecha. protect newspapers’ right to publish dis-senting views4. Court Held: Campaign finance laws prohibiting corporate contributions restrict their rights to free speechXIV. Corporations as Individualsa. Freedom of Religionb. Sibelius vs Hobby Lobbyiii. Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) requires employers to provide health care to employees including contra-ceptioniv. Hobby Lobby objects on the basis of religious free-domv. waiting for court’s decisionXV. Making Coporations Better Personsa. Corporate Social Responsibiltyiii. Greater Recognition of Stakeholdersiv. Voluntary Improvements to Labor Policies, Environ-mental Controls, etc.v. Greenwashingb. Regulationiii. governments placing limits on economic activity3. emission controls4. wage and hour legislation5. campaign finance