Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 9-14Lecture 9 (February 25)DevianceWhat is social cohesion? (2 Parts)Social cohesion is the idea of how we all live together. It’s the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get a long a day to day basis.Dircon said there are 2 types of social cohesion, what are they?First there is mechanical solidarity; which is based on the sameness of so-ciet’s parts or members. An example of mechanical solidaryity is an Amish community because everyone is basically the same. The second type is or-ganic solidarity. Organic solidarity is based on people being different but in-terdependent of each other in order to achieve goals.What is collective conscience? What does it do?Collective conscience is common assumptions about how the world works. Collective conscience sets standards of behaviorWhat is an Anomie? What is it the opposite of?SOC 100 1st EditionAn anomie is the sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can nolonger reasonably expect life to be predictable. An anomie is opposite of sense of social cohesion.What is social control? Social Control is a set of mechanisms that create normative compliance in in-dividuals.What is normative compliance?Normative compliance means obeying the rules, or in other words making sure we fall in the lineWhat is deviance? what are the two types of deviance?Deviance is any transgression of socially established norms. The two types are informal deviance and formal deviance. What is informal deviance? What is an example of informal de-viance?Informal deveiance is minor transgressions of these norms and example of informal deviacne would be picking your nose or dancing in class.What is formal deviance? What is an example of informal deviance?Formal Deviance is otherwise known as crime. It involves the violation of laws. What do socioligists mean while they talk about deviance?When sociologists talk about deviance, it means we are violating social normsDoes violating social norms always mean its bad or could it be a good thing?This could be a good thing.Is social judgement a social or moral judgement?Deviance is a social judgement, not a moral judgementWhat are informal social sanctions?Informal Social Sanctions are unspoken rules and expectations about peo-ple’s behavior.What do informal social sanctions do?Informal social sanctions maintain a base level of order and cohesion in soci-ety and form a foundation for formal social control.What is a formal social sanction?Formal Social Sanctions are criminal laws and punishments aka fines, prison, death penalty. Which theory is under Robert Merton’s Strain theory?Structural theory is under Robert Merton’s Strain TheoryWhat is structural theory? Structual theory means society has socially accepted goals, and society sets methods for achieving those socially accepted goals.What is an example of socially accepted goals?An example of a socially accepted goal is the American DreamWhat is an example of methods for achieving socially accepted goals?An example of methods for achieving socially accepted goals would be going to college and a job.What is the result if those two things don’t happen?Deviance occurs when these two things don’t happenWhich theory is under symbolic interactionist theory?Labeling TheoryWhat is labeling theory?Labeling theory is when people notice how others label them and their reac-tions to those labels over time form the basis of their self identityWhat does Howard Becker say happens by the process of labeling?Howard Becker says deviants cretated by process of labelingWhat is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?Primary deviance is first act of rule breaking and secondary deviance is the deviant acts that follow as a result of the primary devianceWhat are conformists?Conformists are people who accept the goals of society and the means of achieving those goals.What are innovators?Innovators are people who accept the goals of the society, but they look for new or innovative ways of achieving thoseWhat are retreatists?Retreatists are people who reject both socially accpetable means and goals by retreating from society.What are ritualists?Ritualists are people who aren’t interested in the goals of society but accept the means of achieving those goals.What are rebels?Rebels are people reject both socially acceptable means and goals by alter-ing or destroying the institutions from which they are alienated.Explain the Stanford Prison ExperimentThe Stanford Prison Experiment is led by Zimbardo who was a psychologist. He randomly assigned subjects to be either a prisoner or prison guard. Most of the participants were white, middle class men and were submitted to 2 week prison stimulation. What were two problems with this tudy?The first problem was the methods of recruiting subjects. Meaning, the idea of being in a prison simulation might have attracted people with a cruel streak. The second problem with the study was the researchers involve-ment. He was the superintendent and that might have had an impact on it.What is stigma?Stigma is negative social label that changes your behavior toward a person; also changes that person’s self-concept and identity. It has serious conse-quences in terms of the opportunities made available or not made availible to peopleWhat is crime?Crime is formal means of social control; some deviant behaviors so far out-side the limits; in laws, we specify penalties for violations (fines, prison, death penalty)What are the three types of crimeStreet Crime, white collar crime, and public order crime.What is street crime?Street crime is committed in public and often associated with violence or lossor property.What is white collar crime?White Collar Crime is committed by a professional against corporation, agency, or other businessWhat is corporate crime?Corporate Crime is a type of white collar crime committed by the officers or executives of a companyWhat is public order crime?Public Order Crime are behaviors that are contrary to shared norms, social values, and customsWhat are victimless crimes? What are some examples?Victimless Crimes are types of public order crimes that usually follow under the categories of sex and drugs. They reflect societal consensus and are sub-ject to change Examples of victimless crime are porn and prostitution.Lecture 10 (February 27)Who said inequality is bad?RousseauWhat did Rousseau argue?Rousseau argued that private property creates social inequality