Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Racial ConflictII. Prejudice and Discrimination and Forms of RacismIII. Institutional RacismIV. Criminal Justice SystemV. Stop and FriskVI. NYC’s Stop and Frisk PolicyVII. Stop and Frisk as Institutional RacismOutline of Current Lecture VIII. Stratification ReviewIX. Sex, Sexuality, and GenderX. Gender: What Does It Take To Be a Woman (or a Man)?XI. Women and EducationXII. Gender in WorkplaceXIII. Women at WorkXIV. Feminism as a Social MovementXV. Feminism as Sociology TheoryXVI. Understanding GenderSOC 100 1st EditionXVII. Gender TheoriesCurrent LectureXVIII. Stratification Reviewa. hierarchies in our social oderi. 3 most common in US: wealth, race, and genderb. how e produce stratificationi. imposed by external forces1. institutions, organizations, and groupsc. accepted as self-identityXIX. Sex, Sexuality, and Gendera. sexi. natural or biological differences that distinguish males and femalesii. these differences aren’t even differences for a small population (those who are born with both male/female parts)b. sexualityi. desire, sexual preferencec. genderThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is besti. social construct that consists of a set of social arrange-ments that are built around six1. the meaning we assign to sex differencesii. we see gender in:1. family, education, work, and cultureXX. Gender: What Does It Take To Be a Woman (or a Man)?a. Gender Rolesi. sets of behavior norms assumed to accompany one sta-tus as a male or femaleii. evidence shows that gender roles have more to do with social status than biologyiii. not fixed; changed over time1. Example: historically speaking, soldiers were maleand now becoming less and less male2. Example: metrosexuality; more time spent on grooming nowXXI. Women and Educationa. studies show that gender inequality is rampant in schoolsb. boys and girls are treated diffrent by teachers, and there are different expectations for their behavior and performancec. steering women towards history/art/english and men towards math/science is still happening today in schoolsi. teachers assume this is how it is supposed to be and push them in that directiond. textbooks and other materials used in schools often reinforce gender stereotypesXXII. Gender in Workplacea. women still face many challenges in the working world todayi. Example: unequal pay, sexual harassment, sexism, tracking to certain kinds of jobs, the “feminization” of jobs, the glass ceiling, and moreXXIII. Women at Worka. Pay Equityi. According to the US Census Bureau:1. womens’ earnings were 76.5% of mens’ earnings2. mens’ median income= $49,398 vs womens’= $37,7913. African American womens’ earnings were 68.6% of all mens earnings4. Lainas’ earnings were 57.5% of all mens’ earningsii. Women get paid slightly less when starting a job1. because of the idea that women don’t have to support a familyiii. Gap then begins to grow:1. bonuses keep men around at that job2. mens’ work is valued higher than women3. women have to quit/take time off for family rea-sonsb. Opportunities to advance:i. glass ceiling1. gender inequality in the chances of advancementsinto higher level of organizationa. not merely the proportions of people in those levelsb. not explained by job relevant characteristicsii. glass escalator1. men in female-dominated careers often rise higher anf faster than women in male dominated fields2. causes:a. career interruptionb. stereotypesiii. “opting out”1. perceived trend among mostly middle-class women of leaving the workplace to be full time wives and mothers2. Why?a. because of frustrations with the many ob-stacles they face on the job and the sense that they can find fulfillment in the homeXXIV. Feminism as a Social Movementa. feminismi. intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equalopportunities and respectb. First Wavei. 20th century, wanted the right to vote, complicated, a lot of racismc. Second Wavei. pay equity, equality of work, prohibiton on sex discrimi-nation and harassment1. sex harassment became illegal because it becamea part of sex discriminationd. Third Wavei. what we’re going through now, effort to restore the voices of the movement of women equalityXXV. Feminism of Sociology Theorya. Feminism in Sociologyi. explains gender as an organizing principle of lifeii. gender structures social relations on unequal groundXXVI. Understanding Gendera. Explaining Near Universal Male Dominancei. women are associated with private sphere1. Example: home, raising childrenii. women associated with natureb. wide range of theories to explain genderXXVII. Gender Theoriesa. Sex Role Theoryi. grounded in structural functionalism1. every society has some structures to fulfil basic functions (family, gender)ii. Nuclear family fulfills societal function of reproducing workers1. Nuclear family requires:a. Dad goes to work, Mom stays home; OR mom performs less demanding jobs so she can take on the role of “ double shift”i. double shift= working and taking care of homeiii. Parsons says we needed this1. it must be this way because it performs a very im-portant function of producing a labor pooliv. Problem:1. Doesn’t offer much of an explanition of why it is that wayb. Psychoanalyctic Theoryii. women are differentiii. “Natural Differneces” between men and women that ex-plain stratification1. women as nurturers, and ethics of caringa. boys: rule orientedb. girls: much more caringiv. Essentialismv. Women will make the work place “nicer”c. Conflict Theoryii. argue that patriarchal capitalists benefit through sys-tems that subordinate womend. Doing Genderii. gender is a process that people participate with every social interaction they have1. Example: conversation, appearance, mannerisms, body language, activitiese. Black Feministsii. gender studies must take into account that there is no single category of women or meniii. Intersectionality1. privilege and disadvantage multiply as systems ofstratification intersect2. no laws on