MBIOS 101 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 21 - 30Lecture 211. Host-microbe interactions/Symbiosis interactions a. Types i. Mutualism- both parties benefit 1. Ex. Large intestine – 500 species bacteriaa. Bacteria produce Vitamin K (forms blood clot)i. Fat-soluble vitamin ii. Don’t see it in large concentrations in our food iii. Give babies a vitamin K shot 30 minutes after being born (umbilical cord could break off, circumcision) b. Produce Vitamin B (Biotin energy) i. Need these vitamins to be able to make all the food 2. Rumen – cattle, deer, elka. Bacteria digest cellulose (plant cell wall) releases glucose b. Thin piece of tissue blocks off rumen so milk goes to the right spot c. After munching, licking themselves, etc. it starts to break down d. What about horses and pigs? Have a cecum full of bacteria 3. Termite – Bacteriaa. Digest wood ii. Commensalism 1. One party benefits/ one party doesn’t care (and is not harmed)2. Example – NFO on skina. Staph epi, staph aureusb. Our skin is their home – but our skin will function with or without3. Example – shark and pilot fish a. Shark: unharmedb. Pilot fish: shark homeiii. Parasitism 1. One party benefits/ one party can be harmed if it is out of balance 2. Example: Puppy and round worm (ascaris canis) a. All puppies are born with worms b. They get it from the momc. You know the puppy has an overload of worms if it has a super large stomach, rough fur, 3. Example: Tick on Moose a. You can get so many ticks on a moose that the moose gets sucked dry b. Ticks are super small – tick that causes lyme’s disease is the size of a pen tip c. Bulls eye rash is stereotypical of Lyme’s disease 4. Tapeworm – attaches to intestinal tract 5. Heart worm- mosquito to dogs 6. Trypanosoma – sleeping sickness (tsetse flies transmit it)iv. Ectopic Host  wrong host1. Kids/puppy – worms usually in dogs (got in kids and wandered because it was the wrong host) Lecture 221. Lines of Defensea. Firsti. Characteristics1. Intact skin2. Mucous membranes and their secretions3. Normal microbiota4. Chemical or physical barriersii. NFO are a part of this barrier 1. On stomach2. On skin3. Eyes4. Noseiii. Eyes1. Eye infections/ Conjunctivitis2. Things get in eyes all the time but the eye is designed to flush things out3. Gonorrhea can get into babies eyes during birth – special treatment for this4. Mucus  IgA: antibody (prevent virus bacteria)a.  oils b. lysozymes lytic enzyme 5. Eyelashes – motion of blinking eyelashes fan stuff away from eyes so nothing attaches6. Tears – Flushing mechanism - tearsa. Lysozymeb. IgAc. Decrease in pH (acidic)7. Normal Flora Organism a. They protect their environmentb. In eyes they like pH 68. Eye mites a. They clean up area b. Live in the ducts of the eyelash9. Contactsa. First came out in the 70s b. Rigid at firstc. Cleaning solutions killed NFO causing their to be conjunctivitis d. Had to develop them to work with the eye iv. Ear1. Another portal of entry 2. Eardrum a. Protects the semicircular canal (important for balance) and drainage canalb. Can become infected – ear aches come from bulging eardrum3. Earwax – traps oils, dirt, etc.a. Protection with lysozyme b. Builds up sometimesc. Little ear ache can result d. Use Hydrogen peroxide to flush ear (use sparingly- DO NOT OVERUSE- can cause damage)4. Cooler temperature also lower pH 5. Ear hair – traps thingsv. Nasal passage1. Protect the lungs - breathing2. Nose hair3. Mucus- produced by Golbet Cellsa. Vit A – excellent antioxidant (protects viruses and bacteria from attaching), health of goblet and epithelial cells b. IgA4. Cilia – sweeping motion/ trap 5. Sneezing – coughing6. Sinus infection – mucus is green 7. NFO (protect their home)b. Secondi. Phagocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophagesc. ThirdLecture 231. First Line of Defensea. Eyesb. Earsc. Nasal Passagesi. Nose hairii. Breathing iii. Mucus –1. Produced by Golbert cells 2. Vitamin A – needed to keep epithelial cells healthy iv. Cilia – sweeping motion prevents organisms from attaching (if the organism attaches then it traps it)1. In nasal passages – not just nose2. Traps particulate matter – do not want this matter down in the lungs 3. Sneezing – removes particulate matter 4. Normal Flora Organism (protect their home) 5. MAST – Cells a. Allergy b. Runny nose and eyesc. Histamines – causes your eye and nose to try to flush out the matter d. Happens when your body is allergic to something e. Benadryl- antihistamines: stops reaction d. Lungs – Bronchi and Trachea i. Mucus and cilia are used to protect ii. What if something does get down into the lungs?1. Alvedar – macrophages (cells) that can clean up by eating matter iii. Pharynx and Epiglottis e. Skin – largest organ of the body/toughi. Low temperature – leprosy likes lower temperature and so loves the temperature of skin/ in general lower temperature protects skin ii. pH of skin is more acidic iii. NFO – bacteria, mold, and fungi (different in different spots of the body) iv. Sweat – 1. Water and NaCl (salt follows water and vice versa)  keeps you cooler2. Lysozyme – in sweat and kills transient organisms 3. Zinc and Iron v. Sebacceous glands -- Produces oil 1. Lubrication2. Luster – don’t want skin to crack 3. Lysozyme vi. Antibacterial soaps and hand sanitizers – not necessary really good for you 1. Need some dirt to be healthy – stimulates and educates your immune response 2. Some chemicals in these soaps are carcinogenic vii. Skin is thick 1. Skin is always replacing itself viii. As you age1. Skin is not as thick2. Not as elastic ix. Layers of Skin1. Epidermis2. Dermis3. Subcutaneous tissue – fat layerx. Hair follicles register information – touch, pain, motionxi. Rivets in skin - Protectionxii. Nerve endings in skin send you informationxiii. Lymphatic vessels take away fluid xiv. Skin mites – ArthropodsLecture 24 1. Skin a. Sebaceous glandsi. Produce oilii. Oil is essential 1. Need luster and lubricant2. Otherwise it can crack and let organisms inb. Skin Mites – Arthropods i. If environment changes they can be opportunistic c. Hair i. Nerves – Alert (Pain) 1. Lets you know if something is about to bite you d. Capillary – Blood Flow i. Feeds nutrients to skinii. Also a good entry point for organisms iii. Also allows for heat release (when skin gets red) e. Cells – i. MAST cells1. Contains histamines 2.