ANT 2301 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2016 PATERNAL INVESTMENT 1 Minimum paternal investments females 2 Minimum paternal investments males a 9 months b 2 3 lactation c energy production of eggs a Minutes b Teaspoons of fluid a Nature and intensity of sexual selection is a function each 3 Trivers 1972 nature intensity sex makes 4 Paternal investment tradeoffs a Parents investing time and energy in others b More care required greater parental investment fewer c Less care required less parental investment more offspring lower RS offspring higher RS 5 What counts as paternal investment 6 Coolidge effect 7 Nude females and partner ratings Kenrick 1989 a Production of sex cells b Internal fertilization c Gestation period internal external d Placentation e Lactation period feeding protecting nurturing offspring f Sending to college etc a Males are re aroused by the sight of a novel female b New reproductive opportunity a Examined the effects of exposure to attractive nude b Males were shown nude photos or art c Males that saw nude photos rated partners lower a Individual acting in a way that will decrease its own survival chances but improve the survival chances of another individual are as natural as selfishness females on male sexual attraction judgments b Animals in social groups show that cooperation and atrium a Vampire bats regurgitate and feed blood to a relative b Ground squirrels warn others of the presence of a predator a call may draw the attention of the predator to itself 9 Animal altruism 8 Altruism 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 c Social insects bees workers forgo reproduction entirely a By helping relatives to reproduce so then your shared they are sterile in order to help raise their sisters Inclusive fitness genes can spread Reciprocal autism Triers 1971 a If the benefit received is larger than the cost incurred then individuals who engage in such behavior will out reproduce those who do not b Bats an individual will share food with a conspecific if the other has shared food with that individual in the past Men Children Burch Fallup 2000 a Men who look like their children have a better relationship with their children b Men who thought their child didn t look like them were more likely to inflict abuse on their partners children Cinderella effect a Step parents b Men tend to invest less money in education of stepchildren c 53 males have parental feelings to step children d 25 of women have parental feelings to step children a Hadza stepfathers invest less than genetic fathers do no Frank Marlow Hadza parents investments engagement with stepchildren Parental care as a continuum a One end self sacrifice for benefit of offspring b Other end child abuse infanticide a Studied twins one healthy one not healthy at all b 8 months old 100 of mothers directed attention to Healthy baby hypothesis Janet Mann 1992 b Parents in poor condition should invest more in daughters healthier child Trivers Willard hypothesis Children money a Parents will invest more in sons when they are in good socio economic condition allowing him to do well in the mating game limited resource a greater demand The principle of Finite effort allocated toward other adaptive problems such as personal survival attracting additional mates or perhaps investing in other kin Daily Wilson 1988 abuse infanticide a Effort expended toward caring for a child cannot be a Single young women likely to commit infanticide b Child more likely to be killed by stepparent c d One genetic parent one stepparents are 40 times more Infanticide is culturalized likely to be abused Parental effort Hess 1975 a pic with a baby Hewlett 1991 men in Africa a Women s pupils were more dilated than men s when shown a Low status men increase the effort to parenting b High status men channel effort in finding more mates a An altruistic act doesn t need to be reciprocated by the Indirect reciprocation person assisted but can be returned indirectly from other individuals Paternal effort VS Mating effort females Risk of investment Woodward Richards a Males increase reproductive success with access to more b Paternity is generally less than 100 certain a males and females become choosier i Ex Giving blood donating 20 21 22 23 24 MATE PREFERENCE 1 Penton voak 1999 2 Confer 2010 Relationship preferences face vs body ovulation change a Females preferred masculine looking faces during b Females using oral contraception revealed no cyclical c More feminized face during luteal phase a Women Face for long short b Men Face for long body for short a Odor is acue of health b Females prefer the scent of more symmetrical men during 3 Male body odor Gangstead and Thornhill 1998 4 Major histocompatibility complex invaders immune system of the offspring not too foreign a Molecules that enable the immune system to recognize b The more diverse the genes of the parents the stronger the c More different the immune system the higher the rating a Food b Shelter c Protection 5 Males provide these resuources 6 Burger King Study ovulation 9 Hadza status 7 La cerra 1994 Male interaction 8 Burrows 2013 Gay preference a Males into 2 groups handsome vs homely b Armani suit vs rolex vs white t shirt burger king uniform a Male interaction with children rated higher a Masculine gay younger partners like straight men b Feminine gay seek older partners straight women a Don t have wealth status differences b Food sharing prevents status a Males younger wives good character hard working b Females Good forager character good looking Hadza preference fertile good forager intelligence Masculine face vs feminine face a Masculine good genes around ovulation b Feminine caring other times Female reproductive potential a Decreases as they get older Females have evolved preferences for males with a Resources wealth status Social dominance a Males who are socially dominant are rated higher b Males don t care about female status Higher status women a Want high status men Emotional sexual infedility a Males sexual b Female emotional 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 Factors that influence attraction MARRIAGE PRACTICES a Proximity b Physical attractiveness c Similarity d Reciprocity e Courtship a Area in the brain that shows the difference between love 2 VTA Ventral tegmental area and lust 3 Phenylethylamine PEA 4 Dopamine oxytosin a Intense passion attraction lust new love a Pleasure reward addiction i Love 5 Triarchic Model of Love Sternberg 1986 a Intimacy b Passion c Commitment a Biological father of a child a