Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 10 Sexual Coercion Sexual Coercion two defs Vs Rape Naturalistic Fallacy Genetic Determinism Ex Sexual Coercion and Theory Evolutionary Assumptions Sexual Coercion in Nature For primates For hominins Evolutionary Expectations Scorpionfly Thornhill Sauer 1991 Ex2 Orangutan Mating Tactics Approximately 3 5 Mya SE Asia Orangutan Paternity Proponents of Evolutionary Research Thornhill Palmer Adaptation 1 Receiving or performing sexual acts involving another individual without that individual s consent knowledge or explicit awareness of the act Rape has more cultural connotations culturally specific evolutionary explanation of coercion in humans doesn t justify behavior 2 use of force intimidation deception to receive perform sexual acts involving another person coercion describes a specific set of identifiable behaviors that may be compared the error of deriving what ought to be from what is idea behavior unalterable programmed unchangeable Untrue not saying because a behavior may be selected for it is inevitable or acceptable Just because males need to mate with more females to increase RS doesn t mean they will do it coercively OR just because male female doesn t mean certain way should act based on gender Evolutionary theory camps things in cost benefit relationships notions of RS The goal gain new perspectives allow for insights lead to understanding of phenomenon Natural Selection is the mechanism by which species evolve and adapt Mechanisms necessary to solve recurring problems that affect RS survival All of the psychological mechanisms work together to produce behavior Evolutionary explanations Males coercive because dimorphism RS offspring low quality males more likely to coerce Primarily focus on Male Female coercion female resisting vs consenting Evolution can t explain male male female female and female male coercion because evolution focuses on procreation Extremely likely for males to coerce during estrus motivating factor is having a baby Never coerce during non estrus because zero chance of getting pregnant Coercion can happen anytime 1 Age of victim if female is not fertile doesn t enhance male RS 2 Rate of occurrence behavioral opportunities must occur often 3 Benefit vs Cost to male ensure paternity but avoid penalty expect it to be a tactic of males with low mate value few mating opportunities Anatomical feature to hold females for sex consensual or non consensual use tail to latch when unable to secure copulation after offering females gifts or pheromones Feature evolved in this species for coercion means needed it to increase RS Two distinct male phenotypes flanged dominant unflanged non dominant Climate shift low food female dispersal solitary organization flanged males can t guard Non dominant male can hear female call to mate and mate with her before dominant male shows up remain the preferred mating partner call and wait behavior Unflanged males benefit by being sexual predators only need avoid detection of flanged male Only 30 of offspring fathered by dominant flanged male Sneak rape is successful Coercion evolved over human history along with courtship sexual attraction other behaviors From an Evolutionary perspective male female coercion is a strategy that benefits a males RS For humans procreation is not primary factor of coercion Females are choosier therefore males have to find a way to be chosen 1 By possessing traits that females prefer 2 Gaining access to females through competition 3 Or sexual coercion a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and 9 10 reported rape victims are female 1 Final Exam Study Guide evolved by means of natural selection If males have what females want they don t need to coerce Rape not an adaptation but by product of evolved differences in male female sexual strategies Alternative evolutionary hypotheses considered with associated predictions But this doesn t explain every single coercive act cross culturally McKibbin 2008 agree that coercion is a conditional strategy based on ancestral contexts but they also include individual differences Believe rape will occur under specific circumstances start evolved psychological mechanisms 1 Disadvantaged motivated to rape when they have no other means correlates w low social status higher degree of facial asymmetry female can consent or not society can condone or not certain behaviors 2 Specialized sexually aroused by violence convicted rapists show arousal to sex violence 3 Opportunistic seek receptive women may rape when cost of revenge low wartime rape 4 High Mating effort aggressive dom males w high self esteem experience date rape 5 Partner fear of sexual infidelity jealousy possessiveness 10 26 women report marriage They hope that by understanding the warning signs and situations it can be avoided more often Teaching females to avoid rape is wrong should teach males to not rape Evolutionary theory does not explain non procreative rape as easily because rare need to look at cultural norms traditions customs beliefs to answer these questions Difficult to study this subject cross culturally because Rape is defined by the culture that is being studied Different definitions of what constitutes rape every culture is different Dependent on the norms of society acceptable male female behavior Defines rape as interplay between female choice and social norms Using this definition victims are not limited to but mostly females any violation of choice Non normative Rape present in 63 of societies not condoned by victim or culture Normative Rape present in 97 of societies condoned by culture but not victim 1 Marital Rape unchosen contact within marriage Ex The Gusii of Kenya wedding night ritual where five of the grooms clansmen drag the bride to the marriage bed and hold her in place for the groom Males use females as a bargaining tools The Kaska of Canada men used their wives as gambling chips or traded them as part of peace negotiations the women were not willing participants treated like property Contact that is used in a disciplinary manner The Bororo of South Africa unmarried female taken into the men s house and victimized by all of the men of the village sexual activity as punishment If a woman displeases husband suspected of adultery he allowed to make her village prostitute Involuntary abduction of a woman from her to be used as a sexual or reproductive object The Yanomamo reasons for raids 1