ANT2301 TEST 3 CH 10 12 CHAPTER 10 SEXUAL COERCION Sexual Coercion Receiving or performing sexual acts involving another individual without that individual s consent knowledge or explicit awareness of the act distinct from rape in that it describes a specific set of identifiable behaviors that may be compared across a number of different species or cultures Naturalistic Fallacy the error of deriving what ought to be from what is Genetic determinism idea that behavior is unalterable programmed and unchangeable Evolutionary theory often camps things in cost benefit relationships and notions of reproductive success natural selection Natural selection mechanism by which species evolve and adapt behavior and physical characteristics How do we recognize coercion we must rely on our interpretation of actions and behaviors male female What data are relevant for evolutionary explanation Age of victim if F is not fertile does not enhance M RS rate of occurrence must occur often enough to be selected for benefit vs cost to M ensure paternity but avoid penalty Scorpion fly anatomical feature that is designed to hold females for copulation Orangutans 2 distinct male phenotypes flanged dominant low paternal rates 30 and unflanged non dominant high paternal rates 70 Thornhill and Palmer three ways males have been selected by females possessing traits that females prefer eating other males through competition or coercion Adaptation trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection Rape is not an adaptation but a by product of evolved differences in male and female sexual strategies McKibbin et Al 2008 let s try and determine what kinds of males perform coercive behaviors 5 types of rapists disadvantaged ugly poor specialized aroused by violence opportunistic often occurs during wartime high mating effort aggressive dominant males and partner fear of infidelity jealousy Evolutionary theory does not explain F M rape or non procreative rape as easily Cultural Relativity Rape is defined by the culture that is being studied Rozee 1993 defines rape as interplay between F choice victim and social norms as long as victim does not consent it is rape behavior Non normative rape not condoned by culture Normative rape condoned by culture marital within marriage exchange F used as bargaining tools punitive disciplinary theft abduction ceremonial ritual and status differences in rank CHAPTER 11 SEXUAL ORIENTATION Sexual orientation Behavior Psychological Self identification Identity based on attractions behaviors expressing them and membership in a community of others who share them Concordant behave and identify same way Discordant behave and identify in different ways Sexual behavior vs sexual orientation just because you behave in one way does not dictate your orientation homosexual behavior does not mean homosexual orientation Asexuality absence of traditional sexual orientation Heterosexuality preference or desire attraction towards members of the opposite sex Homosexuality desire attraction towards members of same sex Bisexuality desire attraction towards both sexes Pansexual omnisexual Sexually attracted to people in general regardless of gender or gender identity Demisexual generally only attracted to someone physically after they have formed a strong emotional bond with them No simple single cause for sexual orientation has been conclusively demonstrated Kinsey scale Orientation is considered to be on a continuum believes majority of humans are a degree of bisexual Nature vs nurture when in doubt the answer is always both Both are influential in the environment Fluidity of sexuality The American Psychiatric Association APA has stated some people believe that sexual orientation is innate and fixed however sexual orientation develops across a person s lifetime Bagermihl 1999 within the animal kingdom homosexual orientation really only occurs in rams other animals may behave homosexually but they are not homosexual in orientation back to sexual behavior vs sexual orientation Why did penguins mate for life in his study No females Biological theories genetics hormone physiology Genetic concordance among monozygotic identical twins no concordance with zygotic twins fraternal no gay gene possible X chromosome linkage from mothers to sons Hormone theory Maternal immune reaction theory suggests that fetus exposed to reduced levels of androgen in utero have feminized brains and show increased homosexuality Physiology heterosexual men have lower 2D 4D ratios than homosexual men brain hemispheres of heterosexual men and homosexual women are masculinized brain hemispheres of homosexual men and heterosexual women are feminized Psychoanalytic theory Homosexuality is mental illness Gender role nonconformity theory Children who exhibit cross gender traits are more likely to grow up to be homosexual Peer interaction theory Suggests that those who develop early begin to become sexually aroused before they have significant contact with others Behaviorist theory imprinting exotic becoming erotic Sociological theory enculturation you are a product of the culture you were raised in beliefs customs ideology way of thinking Interaction theory everything is involved sexuality results from a complex interaction of biological psychological and social factors CHAPTER 12 GENDER Sex Refers to the biological distinction between being female and being male Gender Refers to the social and psychological characteristic associated with being female or male Sexual Identity Refers to a number of factors including one s biological sex gender identity gender role and sexual orientation Intersex a person with a set of sexual anatomy that doesn t fit within the labels of female or male XXY phenotype uterus and penis Gender Identity This is the psychological state of viewing oneself as a girl or a boy and later as a woman or a man Cisgender a description for a person whose gender identity gender expression and biological sex all align man masculine and male Transgender gender identity or expression is different from those typically associated with the sex assigned at birth Transsexual have the gender identity that is different from their biological sex Bi gender a tendency to move between feminine and masculine gender typed behavior depending on context Gender roles A set of expected behaviors traits or actions that society associates with being male or being