ANT2301 Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 10 Sexual Coercion Sexual coercion consent someone else More scientific than rape Receiving or performing sexual acts involving another person without that person s The use of force intimidation or deception to receive or perform sexual acts on Naturalistic Fallacy The error of deriving what ought to be from what is Genetic Determinism The idea that behavior is unalterable programed and unchangeable How do we recognize coercion We rely on our interpretation of actions and behaviors Sexual coercion is seen For primates For hominins In nature with sexually reproducing species o This only happens when the only goal is to procreate o Sexual coercion only occurs while female is in estrus o Sexual coercion occurs all the time Because of concealed ovulation and continual attractiveness in humans What data is relevant for evolutionary explanation of sexual coercion o If female isn t fertile hasn t gotten her period male has no RS reproductive Age of victim success Rate of occurrence o Primates estrus o Humans always Benefit vs cost to male Sexual coercion in Scorpionfly o Wants to ensure paternity and avoid penalties Sexual coercion is usually a tactic of low rank males with few mating opportunities o Has an anatomical feature that is designed to hold females while having sex o Used for consensual and non consensual sex Orangutan o Two types Flanged dominant big cheeks Unflanged non dominant regular face o Based on sexual dimorphism Lived in harems like gorillas Don t stay together anymore because lack of food 3 5 million years ago there was a climate shift in Asia where forests severe periods of low food availability this led to solitary social organization gorillas bachelors form groups and stay together orangutans bachelors are solitary o this leads to bachelor unflanged orangutans to be opportunistic sexual predators sneak and rape females Evolutionary explanation of sexual coercion Thornhill and Palmer o Females are choosier o Males find a way to be chosen by Having preferable traits Having access to females by competition Having access to females through sexual coercion o Only one hypothesis was supported by data Rape is not an adaptation it is a by product of evolved differences in male and female sexual strategies Procreation is not a common explanation Usually males do the coercing Adaptation A trait with a current functioning role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment Five types of rapists McKibbin et al 2008 o Disadvantaged Males rape because they have no other means of having sex o Specialized o Opportunistic Males sexually aroused by violence Seek out receptive women but may resort to rape when they think the woman might not fight back Occurs during war time o High mating effort Aggressive dominant males with high self esteem and experience Pursue many partners with little investment and use rape when non coercive tactics fail Feeling of depravation may lead to date or acquaintance rape o Partner Rape partners for perceived risk of sperm competition Fear of infidelity jealousy or possessiveness 10 26 of women report rape within marriages Cultural conceptions of rape Traditionally It is difficult to study cross culturally because all cultures are different o Rape is defined by the culture that is being studied o There are different definitions of what rape is o Dependent on the acceptable behaviors of that particular society o Every culture is different Rozee 1993 o Defines rape as Interplay between female choice and social norms Females can consent or not Society can condone or not condone these behaviors Defining ape this way depends on that individuals perception not a cultural definition Female choice is most important If rape is culturally acceptable but female doesn t give consent its still rape Normative rape socially condoned o Marital rape in 40 of societies Unwanted contact within marriage Levine 1959 Gusii of Kenya o Wedding night ritual where 5 of the grooms friends drag the bride to the marriage bed and hold her in place for the groom o Exchange rape in 71 of societies Males use females as a bargaining tool or gesture of solidarity Honigman 1954 Kaska of Canada o Men used their wives as gambling chips o When a man lost everything gambling he would bet his wife o If he lost she would go to the winners place for a few o Punitive rape in 14 of societies days Contact that is used in a disciplinary manner Cook 1909 Bororo of South Africa o Unmarried female of 12 14 years old may be taken into the men s house and raped by all the men in the village if she isn t married o If a woman displeases her husband or is suspected of adultery he is allowed to place her in the men s house where she becomes the village prostitute o Theft rape seen in 63 of societies Involuntary abduction of a woman from her home to be used as a sexual object o Warfare o Raids o Wife stealing o Nightcrawling Chignon Yanomamo o The primary reasons Yanomamo give for going on raids is to acquire women so they become wives o Ceremonial rape seen in 49 of societies Includes contact within the context of a ritual or ceremony Arunta of Australia Ritual defloration of girls ages 14 15 Her future husband speaks with other men in the tribe about their union then the men take her in a bush and rape her Once this happens she becomes the husbands exclusive access o Status rape seen in 29 of societies and only he can be with her Occurs as a result of acknowledges differences in rank between individuals Slave owner Noble commoner Chief non chief Marchallese Islanders 1906 o Chief commands as many woman from the tribe as he wants for wives and concubines Chapter 11 Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation is o An inherent propensity towards emotional romantic or sexual attraction to men women both sexes neither sex or another sex o Also refers to a persons sense of personal and social identity Sexual behavior vs sexual orientation People can engage in homosexual behavior but not be gay Identity and behavior may not always be the same o People can be concordant and discordant In agreement or in disagreement 4 traditional categories Asexual Heterosexual Homosexual Bisexual Pansexual genders Demisexual o The absence of a traditional sexual orientation 1 of people o Little attraction to males or females o Sexual