Human Sexuality Exam 1HistoryThursday, March 10, yHuman Sexuality Exam 1History-Four fields of anthropology: Cultural, Archeology, Linguistic, & Physical-Evolutionary Theory: explains human biology through evolution & natural selection.-Naturalistic Fallacy: error of deriving what should be from what is-Genetic Determinism: Idea that behavior is pre-set and unchangeable (wrong)-Sexuality: How people express themselves as human beings. components:•Biologically: intercourse and sexual acts•Sociologically: cultural, political, legal aspects•Philosophically: moral, ethical, religious aspects-Past Cultures & Sex:•Hebrews- had bible that outlined rules and told tales of misconduct•Greeks- Free and open about sex•Romans- few restrictions about sexuality, means to improve socioeconomic life•Indian- Patriarchal; Karma Sutra: a guide to pleasing spouse & raise a family•Chinese- Tao (yin/yang) sex is strictly procreative•Islam: drew from christianity and judaism, strong rules of modesty•Moche used pottery to express themselves (before writing) -Jesus was liberal about sex, St. Paul is the one to deny sexuality-The Reformation1Thursday, March 10, y•Martin Luther: Sex is blessed within marriage, but females are subjective•John Calvin- men and women are partners in everything-Victorian Era: Sexuality very taboo in public, but free and open in private-19th century: Medical model of sexuality. Comstock Act: no mailing obscenity-20th century: Hygiene movement, Sexology, “Flapper Era,” Feminism (birth control, sexual satisfaction), Gay Liberation The Origins of Sex-Primary explanation is Sexual Selection, the goal is to pass genes to next gen.-Sex: Process of combining genetic traits (through sex cells called “gametes”)-allele: one of two or more forms of a DNA sequence of a particular gene-Genotype: genetic constitution of an organism w/ reference to a specific character-Phenotype: an observable characteristic that develops after birth depending on an environment (gene + environment)-Meiosis: cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organ-isms-Recombination/ “Gene Mixing” is why we all look different -Natural Selection: Competition for survival, those w/ favorable traits survive and re-produce therefore passing favorable traits on to the next generation-Adaptation: evolutionary process where a population becomes better suited to its habitat. (structural- physical change, behavioral- ability to learn)2Thursday, March 10, y-Law of Segregation: parental genetics are split evenly to offspring -Red Queen Hypothesis: with clones, pathogens can attack effectively and exploit genotype (kill every member). With sex, pathogens must begin anew each genera-tion.-Strategies of the sexes:•Male gametes (sperm) are small, numerous, and cheap. they mate with as many females as possible•Female gametes (egg) are large, rare, and costly. they pick the best male to in-vest in. -The costs of sex includes injury, being eaten, STD’s, breaking successful genes -Theory: a set of assumptions, principles, or methods that helps a researcher under-stand the nature of a phenomenon being studied•Biological theory: sexual behavior is a biological process•Sociobiology: sexual behaviors are a result of natural selection in evolution •Evolutionary psychology: sexual behaviors are a result of psychological mecha-nisms and environmental influences•Social learning theory: reward/punishment conditioning•Cognitive theory: our thoughts are responsible for our behaviorsSexual Selection-Inter Sexual Selection: Female Choice•Females choose most beautiful, males decorate (polygyny)3Thursday, March 10, y•3 favorable traits: directly increases fitness of female, indicate good genetics, and are nonadaptive but conspicuous. •Mate choice behavior can come in form of active solicitation, refusal to males, or subtle signs•Females with high rank and age have better success refusing males than those with low rank and age•most choosy while ovulating, have sex with alpha males during ovulation-Intra Sexual Selection: Male- Male Competition•Sexual Dimorphism is the difference in size between a male and a female of a species. Usually happens where there is polygamy and males must defend fe-males.•Dimorphism is determined by operational sex ratio, where there is 5 females one large male is enough to defend, the more females there are the more males there must be and the smaller they will be. •Less male-male competition leads to less dimorphism•Triver’s Amendment: whichever sex is more invested in offspring will be choosier, except for primates because females are always invested•Infanticide: Male primates kill infants they believe not to be theirs, so females mate with every male to confuse paternity•Sperm competition: it pays to have better sperm so that the male is actually the one to impregnate the female. Mostly in multi male multi female groups-Sexual selection in Hominins: pair bonding, dimorphism much less (1.2:1)-Australopithecines: our ancestors who had a large degree of dimorphism4Thursday, March 10, y-Handaxe: tool made thousands of times over, but with no use or signs or wear. Maybe to attract partners? (Movious line: no hand axes in east asia)Sexual Characteristics-Primary characteristic is the genitals•Male: Penis and testes•Female: Vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries-genitals fully structured at birth, but not functional (release of eggs and sperm) yet-Early child development (2-5 yrs)•begin exploring their bodies, asking what is a boy/girl•do not yet understand sexual behavior-Middle child development (6-12 yrs)•genitals grow with the rest of the body•sexual behavior becomes more private (changing in private)•begin asking about sex (too smart for stork)-Male Puberty•change in genitals•size of testes and scrotum rapidly increase •sperm production begins (testosterone main catalyst)-Female puberty•eggs ripen and period (first sign of reproductive ability)5Thursday, March 10, y-First Menses: •the heavier a women, the earlier she menstruates•race —> african american girls 12, caucasian girls 13•in the hadza culture, females do not menstruate until age 16 or 17 because of a lack of nutrition-Secondary characteristics: physical traits that distinguish male and female-Male secondary characteristics include hair (body before facial), hair line changes, face shape changes, voice drops, body increases in size and