EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion Cannon Bard Theory emotional expression results from hypothalamus emotional feelings results from dorsal thalamus o Jane encounters a negative situation At the same time her heart starts racing she experiences a sense of fear and panic The fact that these occurred simultaneous is best explained by this theory autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal Schacter s Two Factor Model the experience of emotion depends on 2 factors o Jane notices that her heart starts racing while she is thinking about the fact that she forgot to do her homework assignment She determined she was feeling anxiety and dread due to the fact that forgetting her homework is a bad thing and her body is reacting This is best explained by this theory Galvanic Skin Response GSR an increase in the electrical conductivity of the o Measures the skin s resistance skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity James Lange Theory physiologic arousal leads to emotion via the brain s interpretation Chapter 12 Personality Defense Mechanisms Freud described these behavioral tendencies as unconscious reactions that protect us from feelings of anxiety and guilt Unconscious vs conscious iceberg model o Universal defense mechanism identification o Unconscious the bulk of our behavior is motivated by these urges the part o Conscious constitutes the tip of the iceberg that you see above water of the iceberg under water thoughts in awareness William Sheldon o Although the validity of his work has since been criticized this psychologist developed a unique somatotype theory of personality that suggests one s personality type is largely determined by one s body type o Body and personality types Endomorphic viscerotonia relaxed sociable peaceful Mesomorphic somatotonia active assertive combative Ectomorphic cerebrotonia quiet fragile restrained Personality theories o Psychodynamic people are driven by the unconscious o Behavioral we should only study observable behavior o Humanist people are free unique individuals with a potential for growth o Biological peoples behavior is influenced by genes o Objective test measures an individual s characteristics independent of the Objective vs projective tests examiner s own beliefs by using standardized questions MMPI most used to diagnose psychological disorders 567 T F questions objective Example of a self report inventory of personality woman and themselves slant indicates introspection o Projective tests ask participants to respond to vague ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects needs feelings and personality traits terrible validity and reliability Rorschach ink blots TAT looking at an ambiguous picture and saying what you see Draw A Person used to evaluate children asked to draw a man a Graphology circular handwriting indicates a highly emotional natures and a left Hippocrates 4 personality types o Choleric irritable yellow bile o Melancholic depressed black bile o Sanguine optimistic blood o Phlegmatic calm phlegm o Any imbalance change in personality health o Transference unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to o Resistance patients blocking memories from conscious memory o Structures of personality Sigmund Freud another o Psychosexual stages Ego operates by the reality principle gates the demands of the id Id operates by the pleasure principle immediate gratification primitive energy mainly sexual and aggressive strives for immediate satisfaction what you WANT to do social skills takes time to develop maturation learning what should I do value system what I SHOULD do Superego conscience moral arm strives for perfection parental Oral 0 1 the way the child s feeding experiences are handled is Anal 2 3 crucial event is toilet training crucial to their development breast feeding and bottle According to Freud fixation at this psychosexual stage could contribute to developing a very disciplined personality and a penchant for organization and neatness Phallic 4 5 boys develop a preference for their mom and feel hostility towards their fathers while girls develop a special attachment to their father become aware of their sex immediate family Latency 6 12 events center on expanding social contacts beyond According to Freud from around age 6 through puberty the child s sexuality becomes largely suppressed and much of ego and superego development occurs Genital puberty onward sexual urges appear Chapter 14 Stress coping and health Textbook definition of stress any circumstances that threaten or are perceived Health consequence of stress to threaten one s well being and that thereby tax one s coping abilities loss common colds headaches o Hypertension stroke heart disease o High levels of cortisol destroys hippocampal cells o Eating disorders and secondary health consequences dental problems hair o Impaired immune system o Impaired memory o Impaired performance o Burnout depression drug abuse PTSD insomnia sensitivity Things that contribute to stress o Change living style of job o Pressure demand deadlines o Additive daily hassle noise crowd o Approach approach must decide between two equally desirable outcomes o Avoidance avoidance must decide between 2 undesirable outcomes ex ex 2 job offers having a toothache or going to the dentist Types of conflict The saying caught between a rock and a hard place is best explained by using this type of conflict o Approach avoidance goal is both desirable and undesirable ex marriage o Double approach avoidance has 2 goals that are both desirable and undesirable ex a man choosing between 2 girls to date that both have good and bad qualities Chapter 15 Psychological disorders Spontaneous remission o Sonia has been suffering from panic disorder for months Before she even enters treatment her symptoms subside and she is panic free suddenly which is an example of spontaneous remission unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals Dopamine neurotransmitter most implicated in Schizophrenia OCD a type of anxiety disorder marked by persistent uncontrollable intrusions of o Symptoms recurrent thoughts counting behaviors irresistible impulses o Cause ANXIETY frustration guilt Generalized anxiety disorder a psychological disorder marked by a chronic and frequent worry high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat o Symptoms heart palpitation tremors sweating shakes rubbery leg o Cause conflict threat guilt stress Phobia and