PSY 205 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last LectureI. LearningII. Classical ConditioningA. ProcessesIII. Operant ConditioningIV. ReinforcementA. PositiveB. NegativeV. PunishmentA. PositiveB. NegativeOutline of Current LectureI. MemoryA. Types of Brain Functions in Rememberingi. Registerii. Storageiii. RetrievalII. Ionic MemoryIII. Storage PhaseA. Short-termB. Long-termIV. Early Human Memory ResearchV. How to Improve your MemoryCurrent LectureI. Memory- What are the secrets to improve your memory?o The miracle of the mindo Models of memory: Plato- wax Sherlock Holes- attic Library analogy- rooms, sections, shelves Computer analogy- the technology of the age- Memory is the capacity to remember- All models imply 3 types of brain functions in remembering:1. Registration (encoding and decoding)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Encoding: the model of sensory communication Decoding: perception2. Storage (engram) 3 types of capacity:o Immediate-term or sensory memory (also called ionic memory but different from eidetic memory)o Short-term memoryo Long-term memoryo Photographic memory = identic3. Retrieval (readout) Mechanisms: o Penfield (1957) stimulation o Overton (1964) state dependent learning Forgetting: 2 hypotheseso Interference (proactive and retroactive)o Decay of disuse Cognitive psychology Meaningfulness, familiarity, similarity, processing demandII. Ionic Memory- Immediate term memory is sensory information processingo Partial reporto Backward maskingIII. Storage Phase- Short term: reverberating circuits, Burns 1958 (18 sec in cat)- Donald Hebb (1904-1985)- Is reverberating circuit necessary for memory?- The consolidation hypothesis (Muller and Pilczecker)- Retrograde amnesiao Ex. Car accident: events leading to it you forget- Anterograde amnesia- you can’t learn anything new aftero Brenda Miller never learned anything new- Long term Potentiation (LTP)o Translation of an experience into a memoryo Jim McGaugh The role of emotions- Hippocampus and its role (know the old not new)o Hippocampus and amygdala = memory- Long term: biochemical markers (McConnel, 1962)o Transfer experiments (Ungar, 1968)o Protein markers (Kandel, 1994)o Aplysia research, synaptic sproutso Long-term memory declarative (facts) and procedural (skills) Declarative sematic (define presidents names) and episodic (events like your last birthday) Procedural Experience (riding a bike) or Experience (playing guitar)IV. Early Human Memory- Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)o The non-sense syllableo The first learning and forgetting curveso Recall recognitiono Saving score: (OL-RL)/(OL) x 100% = % savedo Over-learningo Serial position effecto Primary and recent effects: remember 1st set of words and last set- Fredrick C. Barlett (1886-1969)o “The War of the Ghosts”o Social psychologists- “our memory creates things”- Criminal justice- Elizabeth Loftus- Schema- preexisting knowledgeo Experiment: 5 groups see video of car accident (each group had different voice over) people predicted the MPH by what they sawV. How to Improve your Memory- Attention- Active rehearsal: reverberating circuits- Emotional investment- Rest period to allow consolidation- Over-learning- Schema building: creating an existing knowledge before going into class- Mnemonic
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