PSYCH REVIEW Fixed Ratio reinforcer is delivered after a set number of responses Sticker Challenge Variable Ratio reinforcer delivered after an unpredictable number of responses The more you fish the more likely you ll catch Fixed interval reinforcer delivered for the first response after a fixed period of time has passed Paycheck arrives every two weeks Variable interval reinforcer is delivered for the first response after a varying period of time surprise quizzes every 4th day John Watson Watson did not try to deduce the animals introspections or figure out their cognition He quickly discovered rats could learn but deduced this by focusing on their observable behavior where Behaviorism is born Little Albert Puzzle boxes Implicit Memories non declarative automatic unconscious recall space time frequency well learned information Processed in Cerebellum Explicit Memories declarative Declare what you know effortful conscious recall and verbal description and is processed in Hippocampus Shaping process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of it Extinction A previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and disappears B F Skinner Man credited with the development of operant conditioning Operant Conditioning Process where a voluntary response is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment credit card after freshman year for good grades grades keep improving Albert Bandura Conducted observational learning study with dolls Social cognitive perspective perspective stating that behavior is influenced by the interaction between environment and internal cognitive factors Punishment event that decreases the behavior that it follows Negative reinforcement increasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus Pavlov s experiment UCS Food UCR Salivation CS Bell CR Salivation Conditioned secondary reinforcer A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer Discrimination The ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli Acquisition Point where a neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus Latent Learning Learning showed when rats allowed exploring a maze and solving it as quickly as trained rats Respondent Behavior Automatic responses to a stimulus Encoding Storage and Retrieval Typing information correctly into our brain saving it on a disk for future use being able to recover the stored information Decay The loss of information through nonuse Chunk A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short term memory Retroactive Interference Studying material for the psychology exam on cognition inhibits your recall of the perspective championed by Carl Rogers New information gets in the way of old learning Prototype A typical highly representative example of a concept Algorithm A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem Availability Estimating the likelihood of events based on recent memory Representative Heuristic Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match a prototype Insight A sudden and often novel solution to a problem Framing Psychological concept stating that how an issue is posed can greatly impact judgment Functional Fixedness Inability to think of objects in terms of more than just their typical use Mental Set The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has been successful in the past Overconfidence The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one s judgement and beliefs Concepts mental grouping of similar objects events ideas or people Intuition Effortless automatic feelings or thoughts Intelligence The capacity to understand the world think rationally and use resources effectively when faced with challenges MA CAX100 IQ Aptitude test designed to predict one levels of knowledge in a certain area Achievement Test Test meant to ascertain what one already knows David Wechsler Developed the most widely used intelligence tests used in the US today WAIS III WISC III Stereotype threat self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype 4 study strategies Study repeatedly use mnemonics test yourself get a good night sleep Semantics Rules governing the meaning of words and sentences Syntax the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences Confirmation Bias Tendency to search for info that confirms one s preconceptions Belief Perseverance Clinging to one s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed is discredited Reliability Test yields consistent results Validity Test measures what it is designed to measure Statistical Significance Measure of the likelihood probability that research results are due to chance Classical Conditioning Phenomenon where a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance of a previously extinguished response after time has elapsed without exposure to the conditioned stimulus Stimulus Generalization The response to a stimulus that is similar to but different from a conditioned stimulus the more similar the two stimuli the more likely generalization is to occur Acquistion Point where a neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus Respondent Behavior Automatic response to a stimulus Reinforcer an event it could be a reward activity Positive reinforcement a stimulus is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring Negative Reinforcement An unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring Behavior Modification Formalized technique that promotes desirable behaviors and decreases incidence of unwanted ones Continual Reinforcement reinforcement of a behavior everytime it occurs Partial Reinforcement Reinforcement of a behavior some but not all of the time Long Term Potentiation The process by which a neural connection is strengthened through repeated stimulation HEBB S rule Neurons that fire together wire together USE IT OR LOSE IT Associative Architecture of the brain memories result when new links or new associations are formed between nodes Priming The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory Memory trace the actual physical change that occurs in the brain when we learn Retrieval cues Words events places and emotions that trigger a memory Sensory memory extremely brief memory responsible for initial recording of