PSY 205 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. PsychologyA. DefinitionB. Branches of PsychologyC. General termsII. Types of Psychology A. People who contributedIII. Psychology as a ProfessionOutline of Current LectureI. BiopsychologyA. DefinitionB. Rene DescartesC. Julien Offray de la MettrieII. The Role of ElectricityIII. The Nervous SystemA. Chemical TransmissionB. Building Blocksi. Types of NeuronsC. The SynapseD. Neurotransmitter SubstancesE. Functional Neuro-anatomyIV. The Central Nervous SystemA. HindbrainB. MidbrainC. ForebrainCurrent LectureI. Biopsychology- Biopsychology is the mechanism of behavior (neuroscience)o Analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors- Rene Descartes (1596-1650)o Thoughts exists, therefore I exists (I think, therefore I am)o The Mind-Body Problem The mind interacts with the body at the pineal gland (connection between the soul and body)o Cartesian hydro-mechanicsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. People have a soul that allows them to move- Julien Offray de la Mettrie (1709-1751)o 1748 the “enlightened machine” (the brain is the mind/soul)o To understand the mind, study the brain (all brains are different from one another)II. The Role of Electricity- Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)o 1792 animal electricity (physicist)  Discovered that dead frogs leg muscles moved when struck by electricityo Led to the study of bioelectricity, which studies electrical patterns and signals of the nervous systemIII. The Nervous System- Santiago Ramon Cajal (1862-1934)- Camillio Golgi (1843-1926)o 1906 Cajal and Golgi shared the Nobel prize for coming up with that cells are the building blocks of the nervous system- Chemical Transmissiono Otto Loewi (1873-1961) 1936 Nobel prize The Loewi experimento 2 frog hearts- As a nerve is stimulates, the heart slows down and releases chemicalso Emotions and feelings are due to chemical reactions (drugs make you feel a certain ways)- Building blocks of the nervous system:o Neurons=nerve cellso Types of Neurons: Sensory Motor Inter (connects neurons)- The Synapseo The electrochemical nature of neutral communicationo The synapse-a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter Cell body synthesizes neurons and forms vesicles (transport of neurotransmitter) Movement is the release of chemicals on muscles- Neurotransmitter substanceso Acetylcholine (Ach) cholinergic transmission at the hearto Noradrenaline (NA) adrenergic transmission at the livero Dopamine (DA) what gives you pleasureo Serotonin (SE) makes you happyo GABA- helps you pay attentiono Endorphins (act like morphine), peptides, amino acids, endocannabinoids (related to marijuana)- Functional Neuro-anatomyo Divisions: Peripheral vs. central Somatic vs. autonomic  Spinal vs. cranial Sympathetic vs. parasympatheticIV. The Central Nervous System- The spinal cord- reflexes, A and D fibers- The brain1. Hindbrain Medulla: biological reflexes (puking, blood pressure, etc.) Pons: cross-over Cerebellum: balance and modulatory function2. Midbrain Tectum: vision and hearing (feedback) Tagmentum:o Reticular formationo Substantia nigra (control muscle movement)o Ventral tegmental area (VTA)3. Forebrain Old brain:o Hypothalamus (hunger, thirst, sex) (biological drives)o Thalamus (sensory)o Basal ganglia (fine movement)o Limbric system (amygdala, cingulate, cingulate, septum, hippocampus)o Medial forebrain bundleo Nucleus accumbens The new brain (neo cortex):o The