PSY QUIZ 5 Ch 12 10 questions Latane and Darley model of bystander intervention Noticing people may not be recognized an event as an emergency especially when they are in a rush or distracted Interpreting once an event has been noticed bystanders must still interpret it as an emergency sometimes obvious sometimes ambiguous o Pluralistic ignorance because there is no evidence that others are concerned we assume that nothing is wrong prevents helping because it prevents people from recognizing an event as an emergency Taking responsibility everyone thinks that taking action is someone else s responsibility the more bystanders the more responsibility diffused and the longer it takes if someone does take action Helping must determine appropriate response sometimes it delays the emergency or people fail to help because they feel they are incapable of responding appropriately or they blame it on the victim Implementing most likely occurs sometimes fear that one s help may not be wanted sometimes passive bystanders can reduce helping because they think helping is inappropriate The arousal cost reward model Proposes that one s decision to help is determined by the level of negative emotional arousal experienced by a witness to an emergency along with a consideration of the cost of helping to the witness and the cost of not helping to the victim Depends on the severity of the emergency but also is influenced by the victim s characteristics and the nature of the relationship between the victim and the witness Indirect reciprocity theory As the cost to the helper increases helping decreases The expectation that helping others will make them available and willing to reciprocate later o Likely when the benefit to the recipient exceeds the cost to the helper and when they recognize that they are likely to interact in the future o Can t account for anonymous help from strangers The negative state relief model People who are in a bad mood often engage in prosocial activities things that benefit others to make themselves feel better Especially true for people who are experiencing sadness or guilt Also depends on the person s belief that helping will improve Social psychology encounters the Dark Side section the Implicit Bystander Effect The presence of bystanders greatly affects helping because it their mood decreases the chance that people will recognize a situation as an emergency and thus feel responsible for offering aid Implicit bystander effect example o Participants either imagined they had won a free dinner for themselves or themselves and 10 friends later they were asked how much time they would be willing to spend helping the experimenter with another study participants who had imagined dinner with 10 friends volunteered less time than those who imagined dinner by themselves These findings suggest bystander effects may not depend on the physical presence of others merely imagining their presence can reduce helping reduced help may result from a decreased sense of responsibility and accountability Gender and altruism Research suggests that women are more empathetic than men However men seem to be the more helpful and altruistic gender Men are more likely to provide immediate help while women are Age also plays a role altruism increases with age more likely to provide sustained help Ch 13 10 questions Weapons effect Heightened aggression resulting from exposure to a weapon Experiment volunteer and confederate of experiment work together in 1st phase participant spent 5 minutes listing ideas that might improve a singer s record sales and image while confederate pretended to generate a list of ways a used car salesman might improve sales then they were led to separate rooms to evaluate each other a set of good ideas was to be rewarded with only 1 shock but bad ideas were punished by 10 shocks participant evaluated 1st and received either a single shock or 7 from the confederate participant then gave worse punishment to confederate to retaliate punishment was worse when they were in the presence of aggressive cues such as a shotgun For those who are already angry or predisposed to aggression a shotgun serves as an aggressive cue Modeling and Bandura s study TV and aggression There is a significant relation between the amount of exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior later on Sex differences in aggression Men are more aggressive than women Physical aggression manifests itself early in life even as early as the end of the first year However there is little to indicate that the sexes differ in the extent to which they experience anger Women are not as aggressive because they tend to aggress against others in more indirect ways by gossiping spreading rumors etc to direct physical aggression because they care more about relationships than boys Girls are more prone to indirect relational aggression as opposed Evolutionary psychology approaches Evolution traces sex differences in the tendency toward physical For males physical aggression serves as an incentive because it For females they are in charge of gestation and the upbringing aggression to difference in parental investment establishes their dominance and gives them an edge and protection of their offspring so direct physical aggression serves as a disincentive Frustration aggression theory All aggression results from frustration Example children who had to wait for a long time to play with toys that were in front of them played more roughly than children who got to play with them right away This was challenged by the finding that frustration doesn t always and necessarily lead to aggression and aggression can result from several different sources aside from frustration Pornography and aggression Americans seem to think that the consequences of viewing porn are far more serious than viewing violence but are they Some studies show increases in aggression against both men and women after viewing porn but other studies have shown decreases aggression against women Conclusion viewing erotic images does not increase Ch 14 5 questions The just world phenomenon violence Deindividuation The tendency for people to believe that those who experience Especially likely when people have no control over the fate of the misfortune deserve their fate sufferers A state in which people feel less recognizable as individuals and less accountable for their behavior Occurs when people wear uniforms or masks or when they are identified and addressed in