PSY 274 1st EditionLecture 1Outline of Last Lecture I. Cognitive representationsII. Confirmation BiasIII. Causal AttributionIV. Counterfactual thoughtsOutline of Current Lecture (Outline of last lecture used in Lecture #3 with added information)I. Cognitive representationsA. Types of RepresentationsII. Confirmation BiasA. Shooter BiasIII. Causal AttributionA. Internal & External FactorsB. Co-Variation PrincipleC. Consensus, Distinctiveness, & ConsistencyD. Fundamental Attribution Error-Internal & ExternalE. Perceptual Salience - Discounting & AugmentingIV. Counterfactual thoughtsA. Emotional AmplificationCurrent Lecture:- Cognitive representations: A body of knowledge an individual has stored in his or her memoryo Types of representations: Person (e.g., nerd, jock, librarian causes u to think of what they might be like) Social groups (e.g., professor, student, physician) Situation (e.g., restaurant, exam, first date; this is what’s supposed to happenin this context)o Why we have them: Social world is overwhelming and we need these social constructs to know what to do Cognitive representations give us short-cuts to useThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- They provide serviceable, but inexact solutionsIn class Test: Remember these words: Awake, dream, wake, eat, slumber, snoreYou automatically think of the word sleepo Affects individuals’… Attention Memory- Information that fits representations is easier to encode and to retrieve Construal- Useful because we think appearance and behavior reflect personality characteristics, preferences, and lifestyles.o But, highly influenced by: What information is available: Our judgments are only as effective as the quality of the information on which they are based, yet the information available to us in everyday life is not always accurate or complete.Ex. Joel serial killer - Physical appearance (1 st thing we look at for judgment)- Ex. Child face large forehead and eyes, rounded small chin look more innocent and friendly and get shorter sentencing but have lower salaries and tend to never be higher positions at their job- Nonverbal communication- thin-slice research – ten second clip of a person and show it to someone else and tell me what u think of themHow we seek information…Confirmation Bias: The tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it.How extraverted u are? You just look for things that prove they are extraverted like how often do you go out? Instead ofAsking introverted questions like do u like to be alone?o The danger: if we look for mainly one type of evidence, we are likely to find it.o Often leads people to ask questions thatshape the answers they get, thereby providing illusory support for what they’re trying to find out.If we only look for one type of evidence we are likely tofind it.How information is presented…- The way information is presented, including the order, can “frame” the way it is processed and understood.The word ‘Stubborn’-When following the word intelligent, the person seems steadfast and determined- When following the word envious, the person seems close minded or rigid Behavior- Shooter Bias: tendency to shoot and unarmed black target than armed black shooter’= top down processingWhen black they are more likely to be shot Research done after the incident in the university of Colorado where a black man was shot 56 times by the police.o Most likely to guide us when information is ambiguous. We have short amount of time to think We compensate for the inadequacies of the information obtained by filling in from the top-down- Causal Attribution: Linking an event to a cause, such as inferring that a personality trait was responsible for a behavior. ****If, for example, a single mother's homelessness is attributed to dispositional factors such as personal laziness, poor character, or lack of ability, prejudice toward single mothers is likely to persist. In contrast, if her homelessness is attributed to situational factors such as job layoffs or domestic partner violence, prejudice toward single mothers may not come into play or may even be reduced.o Important because: we do it many times a day it tells us what emotional reaction to have it has profound consequences when we talk about how we treat other peopleo Major distinction we’re making: Internal (they were mean because that’s how theyusually are) /External (they were mean because they were having a bad day)- Co-variation Principle:o The idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that co-occur with the behavior.o If you see x then you will see y, if you see y then you SHOULD expect to see xThe Co-variation Principle describes how we attribute a person’s behavior to either internal causes (their disposition) or to external causes (the situation). According to this theory, we explain the cause of someone’s behavior based on a combination of three factors: (1) do other people behave this way? (2) does the person always behave this way under similar circumstances? and (3) does the person ever behave this way in different situations? o Three types of co-variation information are needed: 1. Consensus: What most people would do in a given situation- Would most people behave the same way, or would few or no other people behave that way?o If most people would do the same thing, consensus is ___HIGH______.o If most people would do something different, consensus is ____LOW______. 2. Distinctiveness: What an individual does in different situations- Is the behavior unique to a particular situation, or does it occur in all situations?o If the individual does the same thing in every situation, distinctiveness is __LOW_____.o If the individual does something different in every situation, distinctiveness is __HIGH_____. 3. Consistency: What an individual does in a given situation on different occasions- Next time, under the same circumstances, does the person behave the same or differently?o If an individual does the same thing every time he or she is in the situation, consistency is __HIGH_____.o If an individual does something different every time he or she is in the situation, consistency is _LOW______.o IN CLASS POLLConsensus Distinctiveness Consistency AttributionHigh:Everybody flirts with MaryHigh:John does not