PSY 274 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture Bad is Stronger than GoodI. Exam next WednesdayII. QuoteIII. Ostracism IV. Ostracism is pervasiveV. ImpactsVI. Theory of Ostracism VII. Stage 1 & 2VIII. Further ResearchIX. ConclusionOutline of Current Lecture I. Prejudice- Categorization- Stereotypes- Prejudice- DiscriminationII. Minimal Groups- In-group vs. Out-groupIII. Moral superiorityIV. Perceived threatV. Having common goals/interdependenceVI. Common valuesVIII. Power politicsNote: Class Poll on Ostracism (last lecture on Ostracism will be on next quiz)2 stages of Ostracism:Reflexive – happens right awayReflective – comes after reflexive stageControl and meaningful existence: if you only care that people know you exist then you do something negative to get people to notice you.*** Before class on Wednesday complete Stanford prison assignment submit in BB.Notes: • Prejudice is prejudging based on a known category membership• Categorization à Stereotypes à Prejudice à Discrimination (cognition) (affect) (behavior)(Categorization leads to in-group vs out-group distinctions according to EUROPEAN views. In US we just care because it starts other categories.)(actual order)Discrimination- acting differently towards someone because of the category we put them in good or bad.• There are “positive” stereotypes• Asians good at math, African Americans good athletes• however these are problematic• Implies every member is the same, we aren’t unique or independent• Sets high standards for all members (if Im Asian and I struggle with a math problem then you might assume im dumb. If I was great then you just say eh its expected.)• Backlash from other groups (can still lead to prejudice)• We should always rely less on stereotypes for intergroup processes.EX.Met bob Marley and said he’s from Colorado- categorizationAll people from bolder are hippies because they do certain things - stereotypesWe rely on stereotypes to make judgments about the personality of people based on minimal info:- Office décor- Music taste- Much intergroup bias is motivated more by preferential treatment of in-group members than direct hostility toward out-group members (if I decide you are part of my in group then I like you more than how much I don’t like out groupmembers)-• Minimal Groups: Arbitrary assignment to groups (ask participants what’s the last digit of social security number and put them all in on group. Labeled a number can lead to …• Leads to:• Ingroup favoritism/Outgroup derogation (disliking other groups)• Outgroup homogeneity effect (everybody in an outgroup seems thesame. I cant tell this race apart they all look the same. I think we our all uniqu.e)• Biased resource allocation• Most of this is just because we like our group more not just hating others.• BUT, under certain conditions, ingroup love is replaced with outgroup hate• Moral superiority (we believe our ingroups have moral superiority over outgroups then we become justified to treat others worse because we don’t like them and they are inferior)• Brown Eyed Demonstration• Can also occur more naturally: • Perceived threat• Robber’s Cave Experiment- ran summer camp for boys 11-13. Slip them into 2 groups they came up with their ownname and did bonding activities then started a set of contests against eachother, competitions were rigged.• Contests and after the first group one there was hostility and they burned down the flag of the other group and strategized. The group that won just gloated and relaxed.• Then when the other grop won the other day the hostility grew • Stage 1: In-group formation• Stage 2: Friction phase• Stage 3: Integration phase (reducing friction)In terms of harsh conditions we think everyone else is taking my opportunities I need to look out for my ingroup.• Common goals/Interdependence (our actions both impact the other) • Makes lack of trust more apparent• Weakens group differentiation (having to work with outgroups can cause propblems.• Common values• Threatens ability to achieve positive distinctiveness or achieve what we want to they threaten us.•• -Duke University, example we are both into basketball so we compete which end up with rivalries• Power politics• Groups can be deliberately manipulated for political gain• Like the classroom ex, or camp study5 reasons why we go beyond just liking our group to hating the other:1. Moral superiority2. Perceived threat3. Having common goals/interdependence4. Common values5. Power