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SU PSY 274 - Bad is Stronger than Good
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PSY 274 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture Self-PresentationII. Strategies:- Ingratiation- Self-handicapping- Claiming identity- Risky behaviorIII. Favorability vs. PlausibilityIV. Inadvertent Self-PresentationV. 5 Traits:- Openness- Conscientiousness- Extraversion- Agreeableness- Neuroticism VI. Self-MonitoringOutline of Current Lecture Bad is Stronger than GoodI. Exam next WednesdayII. QuoteIII. Ostracism IV. Ostracism is pervasiveV. ImpactsVI. Theory of Ostracism VII. Stage 1 & 2VIII. Further ResearchIX. ConclusionBad is Stronger than GoodFor Next Time •DO NOT COME TO CLASS ON WEDNESDAY!•Take test between 12:01am and 11:09pm on Wednesday 2/11:  • Login to Blackboard and visit our class page  • Go to the section titled “Reading Exams”  • Click on “Kahneman Exam”  • A timer begins and you must answer your questions before that timer ends •Youhave50minutestoanswer40questions  • Questions will be presented one-at-a-time without backtracking  • “Save and return” is NOT enabled – you must complete all of thequestions in one sitting  • You may use your notes and book, but you may not use your friends Need to Belong:•“If no one turned round when we entered, answered when we spoke, or minded what we did, but if every person we met ‘cut us dead,’ and acted as if we were non-existing things, a kind of rage and impotent despair would ere long well up in us, from which the cruelest bodily tortures would be a relief; for these would make us feel that, however bad might beour plight, we had not sunk to such a depth as to be unworthy of attention at all.” (James, 1890/1950, p. 293-294). Ostracism•Being IGNORED and EXCLUDED Synonyms: •Shunning•Silent Treatment •Cold Shoulder •Related concepts: •Rejection•Disrespect•Marginalization •StigmatizationOstracism is Pervasive•Used by: • Animals - lions, wolves, primates, bees  • Children - playgrounds, friends  • Governments - banishment  • Tribes - social death  • Institutions – religious (excommunication), military (silencing), educational (time-out), prisons (solitary confinement).  • Small Groups - relational aggression  • Dyads - interpersonal ostracism = the silent treatmentWhy Use Ostracism? • It strengthens and protects the group•Removes burdensome members•Corrects deviants’ behaviors and recommits them to the group  • Group becomes more cohesive during ostracism  • Individuals who ostracize feel more powerful and perceive themselves tohave higher levels of control over the relationship Ostracism’s Impact•Threatens fundamental needs: •Belonging•Self-esteem•Control •Recognition/Meaningful Existence •Arouses negative emotions •Sadness AngerTheory of Ostracism•Ostracism signals danger  • Ostracism in animals, tribal humans = death • Adaptive to detect ostracism quickly, less costly to make false alarm errors•Detect first; ask questions later  •Ostracism is, therefore, reflexively detected as pain  •The detection of pain motivates attention and cognitive appraisal•After reflection, individual tries to fortify thwarted need(s)  •Fortifying belonging/self-esteem leads to social susceptibility  •Fortifying control/existence leads to anti-social reactions***parts of brain interprets physical pain the same as emotional pain. The same area of the brain lights up when you are ostracized as when you are in physical pain.**people who take pain pills when they are actually sad actually feel better. Hurt feelings actually hurt. Stage 1: Reflexive “Detect first stage”; always hurts no matter the type of person •The reflexive reaction to ostracism is distress and pain, regardless of:  •The target’s personality,•The target’s attributions•The social/situational context  •So far, no individual differences or situational factors moderate this response  ***in 1ST STAGE : initial reports, you feel the same amount of ostracism because it has nothing to do with who you are or personality because it is a reflex in the beginning Personality / Individual Differences?  •As yet, there’s no evidence that reflexive reactions to ostracism are impacted by personality.  •Loneliness•Extraversion/introversion •Collectivism/individualism •Self-esteem•Narcissism•Social phobia•Rejection sensitivity•Need for belonging•Attachment style (NONE MAKE BETTER OR WORSE), unless you are an extreme sociopath When do individual differences and social factors play a role?  •In coping with the pain (reflective stage) •After the initial pain: (usually after 45 mins when you are reflexing on it notjust a reflex)the speed of coping and the coping  path are influenced by: •Individual differences  •Situational factors Stage 2: Reflective • The reflective reactions to ostracism serve to fortify the thwarted need(s). (we need to feel better after what just happened.) • This is a coping stage .•Social situational factors, appraisals, and individual differences should matter.  • Two general coping paths:  •One that fortifies belonging/self-esteem (trying to find common ground & be nice to fit in btw. People that are ostracizing you.) •One that fortifies control/meaningful existence ( • Two general response patterns:  • Doing things that will meet with approval; Social susceptibility  • Impulsive actions; Anti-social provocation based on the needs that aren’t met by the ostracism, then it depends on what youdo to make yourself feel betterEvidence of Fortifying Belonging and Self-Esteem •Ostracism increases attempts to engage in behaviors that will re-establish the individuals acceptance into the group. •Generally, these are pro-social acts:  • Females work harder on collective task than on coactive task (Williams &Sommer, 1997)  • They conform more when ostracized (Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000)  • Liking new groups (Wheaton, 2001) • More likely to mimic a good organizational citizen (Ouwerkerk et al, 2003)  • More likely to engage in unconscious mimicry, especially with ingroup members (Lakin&Chartrand, 2005).  • More socially attentive (Gardner, Pickett, & Brewer, 2000; Pickett, Gardner, &Knowles, 2004)  • Ostracized individuals are more susceptible to


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SU PSY 274 - Bad is Stronger than Good

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