PSY 274 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Stanford Prison Experiment OverviewII. Movie of experimentIII. Debrief Outline of Current Lecture I. Stereotypes as Heuristics II. Controlled processes (System 2)-Internal motivation -External motivation III. Individual differences in prejudiceIV. Authoritarian Personality TheoryV. Entity vs. Incremental Theorists- Entity- IncrementalVI. RacismVIII. Sexism- Measuring prejudice- Measuring stereotypesCurrent Lecture:• Stereotypes as Heuristics• Automatic processes (Sytem 1)• Stereotypes as cognitive energy-savers (“law of least effort”; Allport, 1954) saves you time, it is when we apply them to people that this becomes a negative thing • Controlled processes (System 2)• Controlling prejudice and use of stereotypes require motivation and ability • Motivation to Control Prejudice• Internal motivation (to control it/ interested in egalitarian beliefs don’t want to appear prejudiced)• External motivation (I know I’m not supposed to beso I wont be because society says its wrong)• Ability to Control Prejudice• “Morning” vs. “Night” people - Clicker Question ( if you have low cognitive energy or ability because you are a night person, then when its early and you are asked stuff, you willmost likely show strong prejudices even if you don’t internally believe them because you are tired.)• After inter-racial interactions, people perform worseon cognitive tasks. Especially if they have strong prejudices (Richeson & Shelton, 2003)• Individual differences in prejudice• Authoritarian Personality Theory• Tendency to think in “us vs. them” categories• Believe in authority “blindly”• See own inadequacies in others• Have difficulty tolerating deviance from “norm”• Linked to variety of prejudices/discrimination• Entity vs. Incremental Theorists• Entity: Infer strong traits from little information and are confident in their predictions (someone that believes “people don’t change”/ what you see is what you get if you are high entity belief (if you act dumb, you are dumb.) (show more prejudice)• Incremental: View traits as tentative predictors, and are less confident in their predictions (“people can change”)(show less prejudiced responses)• Just World Beliefs• Believe people get what they deserve, and life is essentially fair ( high in just world beliefs: if there are prejudice against a group then they did something to deserve it and if it really isn’t true then they should be able to over come it)• Type of prejudice held (difference in someone who doesn’t know otherwise and someone who is just prejudice out of hatred)• Racism•• Old-Fashioned Racism (what often comes to mind)• People openly expressed prejudice & negativity toward other racial groups (probably low in motivation and ability to suppress what they think)• Modern/Symbolic Racism• negativity expressed only when it is “safe” to do so (don’t say anything racist in public but when they are with friends or people who wont change the waythy look at them if they make racist jokes then they will; low internal motivation to not be prejudice its more external pressure)• Ambivalent/Aversive Racism • both positive & negative attitudes because of their race• conflict between negative affective reactions towards minorities and desire to be fair and egalitarian (internal motivation to control prejudice but is highly influenced by stereotypes that come to mind; want to be egalitarian and not be influenced by stereotypes but they actively try to suppress it. (Most common today)) influenced by negativity about groups that doesn’t want to be.*because prejudice is affect then leads to “response amplification” go over board to make sure they control they aren’t prejudice• Sexism• Hostile Sexism• negative attitudes toward women, including the desire to dominate and degrade them• Benevolent Sexism** (explains wage gap better in work)• positive attitudes toward women, including the desire to protect and idealize them• Seems better, but more related to women’s workplace evaluations and recommendations for promotion than hostile sexism• Ambivalent Sexism• Composed of both hostile and benevolent elements• Measuring prejudice• Most social psychological phenomena are measured by direct self-report• Problem: internal and external motivation to control prejudice.• Solution: implicit measures (or ‘subconscious’)• Examples of measures- Affective misattribution paradigm (AMP; Payne, et al)• Related to both discriminatory behavior and explicit measures of prejudice (McConnell & Leibold, 2001).• Worse predictor of explicit measures in socially sensitive contexts (the president quiz)• Criticisms: • Knowledge of cultural stereotype does not mean personal endorsement (hard to disentangle individual from culture).• Importance of stimulus items• People typically show a preference for flowers over insects on the IAT, but can be reversed, EITHER by using positively valenced insects or negatively valenced flowers: • rose, daffodil, daisy, violet, poppy• nettles, skunkweed, Venus flytrap, poison ivy, weed• For race, can be reversed if BOTH beloved Blacks and despised Whites are used:• Theo, Leroy, Tyrone, Lakisha, Ebony/ Chip, Josh, Todd, Amber, Betsy• Michael Jordan, Bill Cosby, Eddie Murphy, Cathy Freeman, Ernie Dingo / Charles Manson, Adolph Hitler, Hannibal Lechter, Pauline Hanson, Martin Bryant• Measuring stereotypes• Some implicit measures capture the content of stereotypes• Shooter Bias• Face morphing• Black or White faces morphing from anger to