PSY 274 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Stereotypes as Heuristics II. Controlled processes (System 2)-Internal motivation -External motivation III. Individual differences in prejudiceIV. Authoritarian Personality TheoryV. Entity vs. Incremental Theorists- Entity- IncrementalVI. RacismVIII. Sexism- Measuring prejudice- Measuring stereotypesOutline of Current Lecture I. Prejudicea. “Positive” ways i. Compensation ii. Protection of self-esteem - Social comparisons- Criteria of self-worthThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Attributions b. Negative waysi. Self-fulfilling prophecyii. Self-stigma II. Stereotype ThreatBuffering against threat:- Institution Level- Individual LevelIII. Contact HypothesisIV. DissonanceCurrent Lecture:Summary so Far:- We have automatic tendency to be biased toward in-group members. - In some cases this in-group love can turn into out-group hate.We also have the ability to override our automatic prejudices; individual differences predict who will do this and when this will occur. (System 2)Not all prejudice works the same way.What about the targets of prejudice?How to reduce prejudice?- How targets of prejudice reacto “Positive” ways + (3) (actually negative for the respondents because it is occurring) Compensation (when u know your group is stereotyped in some way you try and avoid this stereotypes at all costs) (ex. Obesity Miller, et al 1995; ingroup members don’t feel committed to it and they are motivated to get out of the ingroup, even if they are not actively trying to, they know they shouldn’t be in that group/ if people thought fat people were also lazy they did everything to show they weren’t lazy by working more, and if they couldn’t then they were overly nice.) Protection of self-esteem (ways people protect their self esteem when they are stigmatized by society or identity that is highly marginalized; African American)- Social comparisons: (compare to others like you.)- Criteria of self-worth: (strive and focus on things you expect your group to be good at then focus on things they are expected to be bad at)- Attributions (when something happens you say external attribution to protect your self esteem. This causes groups to limit themselves.o Negative ways Self-fulfilling prophecy: Prediction that ensures, by behavior it generates, that it will come true- teachers were told first graders were smarter then others any they did better. They didn’t try to make them more intelligent but because they had expectations that they would be smart causing the kids to fulfill this by doing more. Self-stigma :I can believe all of the negative things society says about me consciously or not. Ex. Black and white kids pick the prettier doll Stereotype Threato Equally prepared groups, the stigmatized group performs worse because of stereotypes. The stereotype threat is the dip.- When a person has the opportunity to confirm a negative stereotype about their group, they experience anxiety- Anxiety can lead to confirming the stereotype-looked at women and math first but then looked at race (people wrote their race on a form before SAT and did worse then if they had to write it after the exam.)- Buffering against threat:o Institution Level Reframe the task (saying this test measures intelligence but is not affected by race or sex) Provide role models (see others like you that have done something well) Assure capability of meeting high standards (assuring that you will do it no matter what.)oo Individual Level Benefit to Deemphasize threatened social identities (instead of putting woman in test room with all men put her in a more mixed room) Adopt incremental view of abilities (pay less attention tostigmatized part of you and focus on the parts that aren’t) Self-affirm- What is necessary to reduce prejudice?o Contact Hypothesis: Contact between minority and majority members will reduce prejudice (in the majority members) and raise self-esteem (in the minority members) Not always. There are some necessary conditions- Mutual interdependence (neutral interdependence can help)- Common goal- Equal status- Friendly, informal setting- The outgroup members must be seen as typical of his or her group(theyreexactly who I expect but they aren’t as bad as I thought)- Social norms(there are better ways to reduce prejudice)o Changing prejudice at Individual-level With egalitarian values: (value equality/ want people to be people)- Group membership cue  Activation of cultural stereotypes  Prejudiced, discrepant response(discrepant with my ideals of equality) awareness of discrepancy (CALLED DISSONANCE)  discrepancy associated consequences (Dissonance: uncomfortability or tension one feels when the behavior is incongruent with internal values, this changes your value structure. (I know this is not what I should be doing)Enough awareness of dissonance then your behavior will eventually go with your beliefs.- With time, like breaking a bad habit, what is automatically activated can switch from the cultural information to one’s own personal standards: o Group membership cue  Activation of personal egalitarian standards  non-prejudiced