CHD 2220 Summer 2011 Study Guide for Exam 2 Growth during the first year o One year brains 70 of adult weight rest of the body is only 10 20 o Tripled in weight exceed 25 Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles o Cephalocaudal principle Growth occurs from top down The head becomes more proportionate as the child grows in height and the lower parts of the body develop o Proximodistal principle Growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward In the womb head and trunk develop before arms and legs then fingers and toes First use upper arms and upper legs then forearms and forelegs then hands and feet Patterns of growth o Weight 12 month old body 23 lbs birth weight x3 Gaining 5 lbs by second birthday and 3 more lbs by his third 3 year old boy 34 lbs Girls slightly smaller o Height Boys grow 10 inches during first year Girls half an inch shorter at age 3 5 inches 2nd birthday and 2 inches during the third 3 year old boy 3 feet tall o Teething 3 4 months Nutrition during the first year o Breast feeding Give only breast milk for first 6 months Breast feed for at least one year Benefits Baby Mother Alternatives Iron fortified formula based on cow s milk or soy protein o New foods Iron enriched solid foods between 6 12 months also fruit juice is acceptable Brain growth up to age 6 o CNS Brain and spinal cord Brain grows in spurts Reaches 90 of adult weight by age 3 Age 6 almost adult weight But some parts continue growing into adulthood Parts of the brain cerebrum cerebellum brain stem corpus callosum A lot of involuntary things such as breathing heart rate temperature and sleep wake o Brain stem cycle o Cerebellum o Cerebrum Balance and motor hemispheres Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Visual information Hearing and language Largest part of the brain left and right hemispheres joined by corpus callosum o Cerebral hemispheres each have four lobes Touch sensations spatial information eye hand coordination Speech reasoning higher level functions o Cerebral cortex Outer surface of the cerebrum made of gray matter governs vision hearing and other sensory information grow rapidly in the first few months after birth and are mature by 6 months except frontal it still has much more growth past adolescence Two types of brain cells and their functions o Neurons nerve cells Axons Send signals to other neurons Dendrites Synapses Receive messages Gaps between neurons Neurotransmitters Chemicals released by neurons o Neurons undergo Integration Differentiation Cell death o Glial cells Neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities Each neuron takes on a specific specialized structure and function Normal elimination of excess cells to achieve more efficient functioning Protect neurons o Myelination Allows faster communication between cells Types of early reflexes o Primitive o Postural Present at birth or soon afterwards i e sucking rooting for the nipple the moro reflex Seen after 2 4 months reaction to change in position or balance Infants who are tilted downward extend their arms in the parachute reflex breaking a fall o Disappearance of some early reflexes during first 6 months is a sign of neurological development o Locomotor Look like voluntary movements i e walking swimming Senses at birth e g taste preferences o Touch o Hearing First sense to develop Develops in the womb Develops in the womb Important in language development o Smell and tastes Develop in the womb Preference for pleasant odors and sweet tastes Role for breast milk o Sight Least developed at birth Underdeveloped structures Binocular vision at 4 5 months Average ages infants begin to walk and say their first word o Self locomotion 6 10 months Get around by themselves by creeping or crawling Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person s perception of it walking while holding onto furniture o Social referencing o Cruising o About 12 months Walking o 10 14 months First word Infant mortality main causes o Infant mortality rate Proportion of babies who die within the first year Birth defects are the leading cause then disorders related to prematurity or LBW o Racial ethnic disparities o Sudden infant death syndrome SIDS Crib death unexplained Possible causes Babies should sleep on their backs o Unintentional injuries Falls ingesting harmful substances burns Types of motor skills o Gross motor skills Using large muscles o Fine motor skills Using small muscles eye hand coordination Approaches to studying cognitive development o Behavioral o Psychometric o Piagetian Basic mechanics of learning Measuring intelligence o Cognitive neuroscience Linking brain and cognitive o Social contextual Environmental influences Piaget s sensorimotor stage 6 substages o Sensorimotor stage 1st substage Use of reflexes o Birth to one month o Some control over reflexes 2nd substage Primary circular reactions o 1 4 months o Circular reactions Qualitative stages in cognitive functioning o Information processing Processes involved in perceiving and handling information Don t need cheek just start sucking without stimulation Learning to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance Sucking from a bottle o Primary circular reactions Repeat pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance Sucking thumb chewing toys Change in sucking scheme o Coordinate different kinds of sensory information Hear something turn around to look at it 3rd substage Sensory circular reaction o 4 8 months o Interest in environment o Repeat intentional acts to get results beyond the infants body Shacking a rattle over and over again pushing their toys 4th substage Coordination of secondary schemes o 8 12 months o Using previously learned behaviors to attain goals o More deliberate behavior Have toy anticipate certain things press green button because they know what sound it makes Based on past experiences Begin to crawl around this time get things themselves 5th substage Tertiary circular reactions o 12 18 months o Curiosity and experimentation 6th substage Mental combinations o 18 24 months o Representational ability If I turn a toy this way what will happen if I burry this what will happen Not repeating they are changing it up kick instead of squeeze it o Use trial and error to solve problems Ability to mentally represent objects and events in memory through symbols o No longer limited to immediate experiences Advancement in cognitive development o Insight Ability
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