INR2002 FINAL EXAM REVIEWChapter 10 – Global Civil SocietyTransnational Advocacy GroupsThe Puzzle• In a globalizing world, are transnational groups – from Amnesty International to al-Qaeda – transforming world politics?• How and to what extent can such networks bring about policy change within and between countries?Transnational Networks• Composed of sets of constituent actors engages in voluntary, reciprocal, and horizontal interactions of communication and exchange across national borders• Actors composed of other actors united by shared interests in a dense web of cooperative interactionsWho are the1. International and domestic NGOs involved in research and advocacy2. Local social movements 3. Foundations and other Philanthropic Organizations4. The Media5. Churches, trade unions, consumer, civil organizationTwo types of Transnational Networks• Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANS)o Method to accomplish goalso Examples: Jody Williams and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)• Ottawa Convention• Transnational Terrorist Networks (TTNs)o Method to accomplish goals: Employ violence to bring about political changeo Example: Al-QaedaAnalytic Overview• (Figure 1) Global Civil Society• (Figure 2)Growth in TANs, 1953-2003• (Graph 1)Distribution of TANS by Issue• (Graph 2)• Compares issues like: Human rights, Environment, Peace, Women’s Rights, Development, Global Justice, Self-Determination, etc.Why have TANs increased?• Globalization breeds political problems that span national borderso Groups must act in concert to solve problems of the environment, human rights, and so on.• Globalization increases the connectedness of societies, bringing the successes and sufferings of others into our daily liveso Lower communication costs facilitate interaction between peoples separated by space and bordersHow Do TANs influence politics?1. Changing Minds – Altering Interests• New knowledge can reshape our interests or activate otherwise latent interests• New Normso Norms: standards of behavior for actors with a given identityo Norms raise the cost of inappropriate actionNorms Life Cycle• Norm Entrepreneurs work to convince a critical mass to embrace their beliefso Henry Dumont and the International Committee of the Red Crosso Frame issues – graphic/violence against an innocent group = sympathy and support Ie: Fish = Sea Kittens• Norm Cascade: adherents to the new norm passes a tipping point• Norms are internalized and taken for granted2. Putting Pressure on States• Direct Pressure: o Naming and Shaming People and states care about reputation• Indirect Pressure:o Boomerang Effect : NGOs in one state activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states to bear on their own governmento Anti-apartheid movement in South Africa: TANs mobilized voters in other countries to sanction South Africao The Boomerang (Figure 3)3. Providing Information• TANs as Endorserso International agreements are often complexo Provides a cheap, informational shortcut• TANs as Monitorso Police patrols versus Fire alarmsAre TANs Surpassing States as Dominant Actors?• Traditionalists: State is dominant, and TANs primarily remains an arena of states• TANs influence preferences of individuals, but the object of their activities remains state policyo Change preferences of voters who then press stateso Monitor state behavior and complianceGlobal (UN) Civil Society - TerrorismWhy do some transnational groups – commonly known as terrorist – resort to violence to achieve their aims?What do these two guys have in common – or not?Ie:Peter Benenson – Founder, Amnesty InternationalIe: Osama bin Laden – Founder, al-QaedaWhat is Terrorism?• Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audienceo Title 22 of the United State Code, Section 2656f(d)• “State terrorism” replaces “Sub-national groups or clandestine agents” with “governments”Incidents of Transnational Terrorism, Worldwide, 1968-2006 (Graph 1)Transnational Terrorist Fatalities, Worldwide, 1968-2006 (Graph 2)Incidents of Transnational Terrorism in the US, 1968-2006 (Graph 3)Transnational Terrorist Fatalities in the US, 1968-2006 (Graph 4)Why Violence?• Terrorism is a form of bargaining• What are the causes of bargaining failure?Are Terrorists Rational?• Rational = purposive behavior• Terrorist demands are “unreasonable”o Rationality refers only to strategy, not goals• Suicide bombers are “nuts” or deludedo Willingness to sacrifice one’s self for a cause is a general phenomenon• Attacks are random and, therefore, are not “strategico If object is to induce fear, then randomization can be a strategyWhich Groups Choose Terror?• Terrorism is asymmetrical warfare• What is the object of terrorism?o Political Change/Policy Change• What is the relationship between terrorism and the other sides military?o Attack Military – Waro Attack Civilians – Terrorism• What sort of groups resort to terrorism?o The weak – relative to the goals they seek; lack popular supporto If you have a large military at your disposal, you just use your military. There is no need for terrorism.o (Graph 5)Terrorist Organizations• How are terrorist organizations generally organized?o Decentralization: networks with many “cells”• Why are they organized this way?o Networks are more robust to penetration or counterattack• Where do we typically find terrorist organizations?o Terrorists hide within sympathetic populationsTerrorist Goals• One major goal of Al-Qaeda was for the US to withdraw troops from the Arabian peninsula• Two years after 9-11, US troops redeployed• Why could Al-Qaeda and the US not negotiate a deal without the attack?o Bargaining problemsTerrorism form Incomplete Information• Terrorists have private information that they cannot credibly reveal to targetso Information asymmetries likely to be large – groups have uncertain capabilitieso Groups have incentives to exaggerate their capabilities and resolveo Cannot reveal their strategies without vitiating their effectivenesso Threats are often inherently not credibleTerrorism from Commitment Problems• To reach agreement, terrorists must credibly commit not to stage future attacks• How can a terrorist group demonstrate credibility to abide by an
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