Lecture NotesTextbook Chapter NotesVocabularyReviewLecture NotesChapter OutlineVocabularyLecture NotesChapter OutlineVocabularyReviewReviewChapter NotesReviewChapter 10: Transnational Advocacy NetworksLecture NotesI. What is TAN?11/21/2011a. Sets of actors communicating and acting across bordersi. NGOsii. Social Movementsiii. Civil Organizations like churchesiv. The mediaII. Increasing number of TANsa. 1874- 32 registered NGOsb. 1914 – 1,083 registered NGOsc. 2003- > 13,000 registered NGOs (25% of which founded after 1990)III. Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs)a. Aim to bring out political and social changeb. Social mobilizationc. Changes in social normsd. Political pressure on governmentse. “Good” TANs and “Bad” TANsIV. Do TANs Make a Difference?a. They change minds and alter interestsb. They put pressure on states to acti. Boomerang effectc. Sometimes they replace the functions of a stated. They facilitate international cooperationi. Monitor international agreementsV. Why do some TANs choose violence?a. the attack on the US by al Qaeda on 9/11 was the single most lethal terrorist attack in modern historyb. the US responded by increasing homeland security and launching a global war on terrorVI. Terrorist TANsa. What is terrorism?b. premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against civiliansc. most is domestic, but terrorism that crosses borders becomes transnationalVII. Are terrorists rational?a. Are terrorist demands unreasonable?b. Are suicide bombers nuts or deluded?c. Are attacks random?VIII. Terrorist TANsa. terrorists adopt tactics that make it hard for traditional militaries to defeat themb. small cells that are loosely connectedc. hide in sympathetic populationsIX. Why terrorism?a. strategic logicb. incomplete informationc. commitment problemsd. issue indivisibilitiesX. terrorist strategiesa. coercionb. provocationc. spoilingd. outbiddingXI. Can terrorism be prevented?a. problems of incomplete information and credible commitment require groups to launch attacks to show that they canb. we will never 'win' a 'global war on terrorXII. What can be done?a. defensive measures (airport security, border defenses)b. criminalize terrorism and hunt down terroristsc. preventative attacks on terrorist networksd. benign counter-terrorismTextbook Chapter NotesI. Introductiona. 1197: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)i. Network of 1400 NGOs from over 900 countriesii. Signed by 122 countries, the Ottawa Convention prohibits land mines and mandates the clearing of existing mind fields. iii. March 1999iv. Won Nobel Peace prizeb. Kenneth Waltz: states are not and never have been the only international actors….the important of non-state actors and the extent of transnational activities are obvious”c. Constituent actorsi. International and domestic NGOS involved in research and advocacyii. Local social movementsiii. Foundations and other philanthropic organizationsiv. The mediav. Churches, trade unions, and consumer and other civil organizationsd. Transnational networks are actors composed of other actors united by a shared interests in a dense web of cooperative interactionse. Transnational advocacy networks (TANS)f. Transnational terrorist networksg. Displacing states and creating new, popular, and dynamic forms of international politicsh. Exist only with the permission of states and remain under their controlII. DO TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS MAKE A DIFFERENCE?i. Transnational advocacy networks (TANs): a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objectiveii. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): private organizations not directly affiliated with national governments and usually focusing on social, economic, and political changes in a country or region.iii. TANs have grown dramatically over the past 50 years. Most rapid increase occurring in the 1990s.iv. International counterparts (i.e. Planned Parenthood vs. pro-life centers)v. Influence in world politics in a least three fundamental ways:b. Changing minds altering interestsi. Alter perceived interests and to change behavior at the individual and state levelsii. i.e.: environmental TANs: Greenpeace, Al Gore’s: Alliance for Climate Protectioniii. groups negatively affected by the proposed policy changes will also mobilize politically to influence governmental decisions1. example: scientific community vs. tobacco industriesiv. knowledge may be power-but it alone may not be enough to set policyv. Norms: standards of behavior for actors with a given identify, norms define what actions are “right” or appropriate under particular circumstances.vi. the laws of war: Geneva Conventions1. nuclear taboo2. universal condemnation of Syria for its role in the killing of Lebanon’s former prime minister, Rafik Hariti, in February 2005vii. 1972: Uruguay plane crash cannibalism exampleviii. “enemy combatants” – GWB claimed were exempt from requirements from Geneva Convention1. i.e.: Guantanamo Bay (Obama has spoken to hope to terminate this category of “enemy combatants” 2. the nuclear taboo appears sufficiently strong that most states even inhighly volatile crises do not expect disputes to be resolved in a nuclear holocaustix. the norms life cycle1. a three stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a “taken for granted” status2. TANS is to encourage and support socially appropriate behavior and help spread norms across national border3. Henry Dumont-Swiss banker, who helped found the International Committee of Red Cross. 4. NRA is working globally to promote the principle that owning a gun is a natural right5. Building a network of like-minded organizations around the world6. Norms entrepreneurs: frame issues to make them comprehensible totarget audiences to attract attention and encourage action, and to fit with favorable institutional venues7. The women’s rights movement for instance failed to make progress for many years in the 1980s and 1990s because it was caught between three competing framesa. Discrimination emphasizing the principle of gender equality articulated in the 1979 Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Among Womenb. Economic development and the need to improve the quality of life for womenc. General human rights of women as well. 1993 World Conference on Human Rightsd. United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995: violence against women (centerpiece)8. Once a new
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