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Transnational networks are composed of sets of constituent actors engaged in voluntary reciprocal, and horizontal interactions communication and exchange across national borders (ex. UN, EU)Transnational advocacy networks (TAN)A set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective (NGO)Transnational terrorist networks Method to accomplish goals: Employ violence to bring about political changeExample: Al-QaedaGlobalization Breeds political problems that span national borders (causes us to become involved in other countries-issues)Groups (UN) must act in concert to solve problems of the environment, (Working together to solve different issues-trade) human rights, and so on, Globalization increases the connectedness of societies, bringing the successes and sufferings of others into our daily lives (WWII)Norms Standards of behavior for actors with a given identity; norms define what actions are "right" or appropriate under particular circumstances (important to TANs)Norm life cycle A three-stage model for how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a "taken-for-granted" statusNorm entrepreneur (Stage 1) Work to convince a critical mass to embrace their beliefsExample: Henry Dumont and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ex. people swaying thoughts-invisible children, look whats going on)Norm cascade (Stage 2) Adherents to the new norm passes a tipping point (ex. info being providing builds up until it is over the edge-people are upset)Norm internalizations (Stage 3) norms of this type are taken-for-granted (after it internalizes it dies down, ex.washing your hands becomes a part of daily life)Framing The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments (ex. news & media can largely influence the publics opinions on human rights and the environment)Naming and Shaming Putting Pressure on the States concerning certain issues, because people and states care about reputation (ex. calling country out for an action that violates a norm)Boomerang effect NGOs in one state activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states to gear on their own governmentExample: Anti-apartheid movement in South Africa: TANs mobilized voters in other countries to sanction South Africa.Endorser/Endorsement TANs as EndorsersInternational agreements are often complex.TAN endorsement provides a cheap, informational shortcut (ex. Green peace supporting whaling)Traditionalists State is dominant, and TANs primarily reflect the interests of prominent states (ex. if the government want something they will promote and establish that norm); traditionalists don't care about norms.Globalists TANs represent governance without government.TANS may be as important as states in creating new policy (ex. the people want something they will promote and establish that norm); globalists care about norms.Terrorism The use or threatened use of viole "against noncombatant targets" by individuals or non-state groups for political ends (clandestine agents usually intended to influence and audience).Instrumental rationality a conceptualization of rationality that emphasizes the tendency of decision makers to compare options with those previously considered and then select the one that has the best chance of success (ex. interactions in the future (tension) based on calculations of means, ends and consequences)Asymmetric warfare warfare without 2 forces going head to head; force on one side only (ex. suicide bombers)Extremists Actors whose interests are not widely shared by others; individuals or groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they makeInformation problems associated with terrorism and bargainingTerrorism from Incomplete InformationTerrorists have private information that they cannot credibly reveal to targetsExamples of private information:Information asymmetries likely to be large—groups have uncertain capabilitiesGroups have incentives to exaggerate their capabilities and resolve. -Threats are often inherently not credibleCannot reveal their strategies without vitiating their effectiveness (because they can't reveal, you lose information which causes twice the effect- surprise; so you'll bargain moreCredible commitment problems associated with terrorism and bargainingTo reach agreement, terrorists must credibly commit not to stage future attacksHow can a terrorist group demonstrate credibility to abide by an agreementCoercion (strategy) How does coercion create policy change? It imposes costs on the other side (this is how terrorism bargains- using violence to get countries/leaders to get them what they want)Costly signal A strategy that induces policy change byimposing or threatening to impose costs, usually pain or other harm, on the target (ex. mobs-they lost somebody and message got across; cuban missle crisis)Provocation A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terrorists' home society or in other sympathetic audiences -provoking a country to over react(Afghanistan war; Al Qaeda used on 9/11 to provoke war (maybe we over responded and brought the outlook on America to look bad)Collateral damage People that get injured/killed who are innocent bystanders (ex. village who is not involved in war but they were in close proximity so their lives were lost in vain-Hiroshima)Spoling A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists' home society (ex. completely spoiling peace- after 9/11)Outbidding A strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate a capability for leadership and commitment relative to another, similar terrorist group (Who is more capable of destroying the other; Cold War, Shi'ads Sunni's)Deterrence Terrorism cannot be completely prevented; but actions can be taken to deter this.It is threats intended to prevent an actor from takin an undesired action.Example: Nuclear deterrence during the Cold War (therefore countries have an incentive not to attack eachother)Human rights rights possessed by all individuals virtue of being a person (Article 55-rights states were expected to protect)Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948UN efforts to clarify rights in article 55- it is the product of those deliberations. Defined as "common standard of achievement for all people and accepted as


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FSU INR 2002 - Key Terms

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