Chapter 11. What is mercantilism? What are some examples of mercantilism? - Mercantilism: the use of military power to enrich imperial governments.- Ex: State monopolies (Spanish mines, Hudson’s Bay Company), Controls on colonial trade.2. What is the Peace of Westphalia? What were the outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia? What is sovereignty? - Peace of Westphalia: settlement that ended The Thirty Years’ War. - Outcomes: stabilizing boarders, help resolve religious conflicts, marked the beginning of modern system of states. - Sovereignty: expectation that states have legal and political supremacy (ultimate authority) within their territory. 3. Who were the big players in the Cold War? How did the development of nuclear weapons influence the Cold War? - Big players: USA and Soviet Union. - Nuclear war influence: No war since both countries “mutually assured destruction"4. What best describes international politics for the years following the end of the Cold War?- Rise of nationalism and governments hostile to foreign trade, investment and finance. - The Communist world begins to embrace globalization and capitalist economic reform. - Most countries begin to accept globalization as a general principle.o National economies integrate into the world economyChapter 21. Who are the actors in world politics and what interests are typically associated with these actors? What are some examples of the various actors that make up world politics? - Actors: Individuals and groups. Individuals are always the ultimate actors. Groups: individuals that share a common interest.- Interests: what actors want to achieve through political action.- Ex: states, politicians, firms/industries, bureaucracies, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations.2.What are interactions? What is a strategic interaction? What is a best response strategy? - Interactions: are the combinations of choices by two or more actors that produce observed political outcomes.- Strategic interactions: assume that actors are purposive. - Best response strategy: adopt strategies to obtain preferred outcomes given what they believe to be the interests and likely actions of others3.What is cooperation? What is bargaining? What is the difference betweencooperation and bargaining?- Cooperative: when actors have a shared interest in achieving an outcome and they must work together to do so.o Group of firms lobbies Congresso States protect the global environment- Bargaining: when actors must choose between outcomes that make one better off at the expense of another. o Taxes and social spendingo Emissions controls imposed on developed countries only or all4. What are public goods? What are some examples of public goods?- Public goods: socially desirable products defined by two qualities: non-excludable, non-rival in consumption.o Ex: National defense, lighthouses. 5. What is the reversion outcome? How does the reversion outcome influence state power? - Revision outcome: the outcome that occurs when no bargain is reached.- Influence: power and the outcome of bargaining of any bargaining interaction.6. What is coercion? What are some ways states can coerce each other? - Coercion: the threat or imposition of costs on others to reduce the value of the reversion outcome and thus change their behavior.- Ways states coerce each other: bargaining, agenda setting power, outside opinion. 7. What is anarchy in international relations? - Anarchy: the absence of formal government.8. What factors make cooperation more/less likely? How do they do this? - More/less likely: number of actors, size of actors, iteration, and linkage. - How: reducing information asymmetries, alter actor’s incentives.9. Why is enforcement by international institutions “self-enforcement”? How do institutions make self-enforcement easier? - Why: they facilitate cooperation, maintaining an institution may be less costly than creating a new one.- Making it easier: setting standards of behavior, verifying compliance,reducing the costs of joint decision-making, and resolving disputes.10.Why do countries comply with international institutions?- Countries are better able to threaten reciprocal punishment in the future.- Countries are more likely to comply with treaties when their commitments are clearly specified.- Countries are more likely to cooperate when no country is more powerful than any othersChapter 31. Why do states fight wars? What do states fight over in war? - Why: failure of disagreement, uncertainty, preventing a rising power from attacking in the future.- Over what: power, bargaining range. 2. What kind of good are states most likely to fight over? What is crisis bargaining? - Goods: indivisibilitiesCrisis bargaining: bargaining under the threat of war.3. What is the bargaining range? Why do states agree to settlements in the bargaining range? What is an ideal point? - Range: likely outcomes and costs of war. - Agreeing to settlements: war is costly, they believe that anything in that range is better than war.- Ideal point: the enemies share of territory. 4. What is compellence? What is deterrence? What is the difference between these two concepts?- Compellence: an effort to change the status quo by the threat of force.- Deterrence: effort to preserve the status quo by the threat of force.Difference of the two: o Compellence: offensive (give me X or else.) o Deterrence: defensive (you attack me, I attack you).5. Why do states go to war despite the fact that a bargaining range exists that they would prefer to war? - Bargaining failures. 6. How does incomplete information influence the likelihood of war? Why is it difficult to know how likely an adversary is to go to war? What is resolve? - Influences the likelihood of war: creates uncertainty about model parameters (probability of victory, costs of fighting)- Why is it difficult to know how likely an adversary is to go to war:because states have incentives to misrepresent- Resolve: willingness to endure costs in order to gain/keep something you desire.7. How do commitment problems influence the likelihood of war? - When states cannot credibly promise to not use military force.8. What is the risk-return tradeoff? What is bluffing? What is brinksmanship? - Risk-return tradeoff: Tradeoff between trying to get a good deal and trying to minimize the possibility war will break out- Bluffing: States could signal resolve by approaching the "brink" of war through provocative actions.- Brinksmanship:
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