Kin 2501 Exam 4 (Final)International Sports in the 20th CenturyBeginning of Modern Olympics- 1896- 1st Modern Olympics o Athens, Greeceo 7 or 8 countrieso 7 eventso Athletes traveled as individuals instead of teams US team had 13 athletes mainly from Princeton (track and field, pistol shooting, and swimming) James Connelly- won the first event (triple jump) US won all but two events in track and field.o Pierre de Coubertin 20 years old Successfully organized a festival in France  Got a Greek philanthropist to donate about $360,000 to build a stadium and help from the government  President of the Olympic Committee - 1st Marathon o Derived from a story in Greek History (Greeks defeated the Persians in a place called marathon- solider was to run the news the Athens which was about 25 miles away- he died after the run)o Spiridon Louis won the first event (thousands had lined the streets to run)Olympic Games- Creation of International Sport Federations- World championships in weight lifting, tennis, ice hockey- Far Eastern Games (YMCA put these on to make it international), Davis Cup (Tennis), Tour de France (cycling)- The Movement Years (1900, 1904, 1908)o First two games were considered fiascos (not well attended etc.)o Games lasted 5 months and were in combination with other festivalso About 1100 athleteso Political agendas pop up- Paris 1900- St. Louis (US) 1904o No international movement (a lot of people stayed away from the US) o About half the size of participation than in Paris o Women could participate - Interim Games 1906o Held in honor of the 10 year anniversary- London 1908o Finland was part of Russian empire and Ireland was part of British empire (wanted to appear under their own flag) so they formed an international federation for the sports, provided for some rules o Marathon distance was changed from 25 miles to 26.2 miles because the King of England wanted the marathon route to go in front of the palace- Stockholm 1912o About 2000 participants (growing interest)o Jim Thorpe Native American; very important athlete at the turn of the century; Wa-Tho-Huk (Indian name- bright path) from Penn, went to boarding school for Indian children, (Carlisle- elementary though college) Pop Warner (football coach at Carlisle); left Carlisle to play minor league baseball then came back to play football where he was named an All-American; King of Sweden told him he was “the most talented athlete in the world”; played professional football; US Olympic committee stripped him of his medals because they didn’t consider him an amateur athlete (because he played minor league baseball); After he died, one of his children (Grace) battled with the US Olympic Committee and they returned his medals to the family; most recognized athlete at the games, father was alcoholico Introduction of modern pentathlon (different than today- cross country riding (horse), fencing, pistol shooting, swim, cross country road race) athlete was recognized at the best athlete at the games; held over one day- WWI 1916o Olympic games cancelled because they were scheduled for Berlin- Post WWI 1918o Competitions in 24 sports in the Inter-allied games (USA-French) initiative o 1500 athletes from 15 countries - Belgium 1920o Germany and its allies were denied access to these Olympics because of WWIo Damage from the war; more primitive than the last games (in recovery mode- couldn’t build stadiums etc)o The Olympic Flag (5 rings) flown for the first time (approved in 1914) o Oath was taken by a representative of the participants (one athlete would take an oath for the rest of his team)- fair play, etc. probably came as a result of Jim Thorpe - Paris 1924o de Coubertin requested the games be held in Paris because he was about to retireo More than 3000 athletes- Introduction of the Winter Olympicso First one held in France o No German Athletes participated because the French strongly hinted that they would not be able to guarantee the safety of the German athletes so they decided not to attend - Amsterdam1928o Participation of female athletes in 5 track and field events- Los Angeles 1932o Europe still the center of international sports o Only 1300 athletes attended o Photo finish cameras and automatic timing devices - Berlin 1936o German government used the games to demonstrate the supremacy ofthe German government and Arian raceo Many countries started a boycott movement o US decided that the would not boycott o Torch relay (carries torch from ancient site in Greece to the opening ceremony) official opening Other Regional Games- 1926- Central American Games- 1834- Western-Asian Games- 1930- British Empire Games- 1932- Jewish Olympics Jesse Owens- Born in 1913 in Alabama; one of 12 children.- His family moved to Cleveland, Ohio in the early 1920’s- Elementary school teacher misunderstood him and called him Jesse instead of J.C. (James Cleveland)- In junior high, he began organized sport, mainly basketball and track.- In 1930, he was in high school and accomplishing many feats on the track butnot a single black college made an attempt to recruit him, so he wound up at Ohio State in the fall, 1933o On-campus housing was barred for blackso Only one movie theater was accessible – upstairso No university restaurants would serve them- In May, 1935 at the National Intercollegiate Meet in Michigan, he broke three world records and tied another.o The most superlative feat ever accomplished in the history of the sport***- In July, 1936 Owens and his teammates sailed to Germany.- Mobbed by autograph seekers- Hitler’s snub- Long jump attempts and help from rivalo Scratched in first two attempts for stepping over the line (rival from Great Britain went to him and said you’re you best here so just jump before the board and you’ll still beat everyone- he did it and won)- Jewish runners not allowed to run in the US relay- Owens won four gold medals in 1936 Olympic GamesInternational Sports and the Cold War- Politics influenced who was allowed to enter the games- Presidents of the IOC had political agendaso Avery Brundage expelled John Carlos and Tommie Smith from Mexico- Battle to protect “amateurism”- Soviet Union had “state amateurs”Avery Brundage (1952-1972)- Strongly believed in the maintenance of strict amateur rules- Held idealistic view about separation of sports and politics- 1968 Olympics (Mexico City)- 1972 Olympics (Munich)o Arab terrorists killed Israeli athletesCommercialism