DefinitionsA. SportModern term first used in England around A.D. 1440Origin if the word is Latin and FrenchIn French, the word de(s)porter has its roots in the Latin word desportare, which means “to amuse oneself”Grew throughout England referring to competition in the form of games, individual athletic exploits and huntingAll sport is play but not all play is sport.Work is the highest level of participation in sports.a. Professional athletesMay not fit into a universally accepted definition because of factors such as religion, social class, and historical periodGeneral definition will include the following characteristics:Continuity: refers to the longevity of the gameOver a period of timeDivision of rolesDynamic interaction with an audienceSupporting establishmentHigher levels saying what’s acceptable and what is notOne person’s sport may be another’s workHunting for fun vs. hunting for survivalB. PlayHas three fundamental characteristicsPlay is intrinsically motivatedPlay involves the temporary suspension of normal/typical realityHas fewer rulesPlay involves internal locus of controlPeople believe that they have control over their actions and their outcomes while they are playingIs the most fundamentalC. GameSomewhat more organized effort at play, where the organized and playful elements of the activity become more evidentFormal Definitions: “a play, which has explicit rules…the element of opposition or contest, recognizable boundaries in time and sometimes in space, and a sequence of actions which is essentially “repeatable” every time the game is played.”Philosophies of the Modern WorldA. Based on a monist, dualist, view of realityThe mind and the body are oneB. PragmatismFirst to reject dualismRegard school as a social institution where the child gains real experiences of actual life which develop in him social sense and a sense of duty towards society and the nationLate 1800’s and early 1900’s, argues that humans are embodies entities. This means that the mind, or spirit, is of the body, and that mind and body are integrated into one entity.The possibility of studying the human body and other aspects of the human body condition becomes much easierCreate knowledge of how the body functions under physiological stress and what physical forces shape the body and control movement, and use all other methods of science to understand human movement.B. ExistentialismBegins with the belief that the individual is at the center, everything “outside” the individual is evaluated by the individualEach individual creates him/herself through choices and experiences and that a person is the sum of allEach person should have opportunity to make choices and decisions, individual will personally determine what value an activity or experience holdsThe individual is responsible for his/her own actions and behaviorD. There is not a single philosophy that explains the mind-body relationship or a single approach to sport and physical educationE. We can expect more changes in the future. As our society and culture changes so will our philosophies.InfluenceNo other civilization embraced athletic competition and intellectual development as did the ancient GreeksInfluence for this foundation is from Egyptians, the people of Crete, and possibly the Phoenicians (Middle East). The extent of the influence is unclear.Various athletic contests and games were carried to maintain Greece by merchant sailors from distant lands.Philosophical Positions of the BodyBoth held the mind in high esteem, but they differed on the position and importance of the bodyTwo opposing ideas of thought:NaturalisticMan should have a balance program- harmonious balance among spiritual, intellectual and physical.Both physical education and intellectual education should be incorporatedAntinatualisticHeld the physical education was a servant to the intellectual processAncient Greece: The Birth of Western Civilization776BC - 400ADExtremely advances societyFirst Dominant culture in EuropeHomer’s Iliad and OdysseyIliad: Funeral games of PetroclusOdyssey: Odysseus proving self (he threw a discus)Greece valued athleticism very much.“Athlete” = One who competes for a prize.Athlos=contestAthlon=prizeGreek Ideal:Unity of “man of action” and a “man of wisdom”Arete:All around physical, mental, moral individual excellence one strove forSpartaMilitary discipline-oriented societyEducation focused on preparation of boys for military. Began at age 7 for boys and girls. While men trained to fight in the military, women were trained to be sturdy and healthy enough for child bearing.Goal: to rule all of GreeceIndividual Goal: To become a warriorBabies were examined at birth, and if the were insufficient they left the baby to die.Men dominated Olympic competitions in the early daysAlways preparing for warAthensEmbracers of the Greek Ideal.Society reflected dual emphasis on intelligence and physical.Highly valued the physical look exercise. The chisel look and what not.It was important to be beautiful and harmoniousAdvanced the furthest towards democracyPhilosophers were always gathered around the Gym.Always preparing for warEducational SystemPrimarily for the upper class boys.More rounded in all subjects than SpartaGymnasium (Palaestra): where athletes trainedNothing for the girlsThe Ancient Olympic Games: 776BC – 393 ADInformal contestsbetween soldiers as they trained or waited for battleFuneral GamesThe Wreath GamesAt OlympiaCalled OlympiaPrize was an OliveSecular GamesInitially held in over 300 cities primarily for entertainmentThe Ancient Olympics: Purpose and ContextLargest in the set of religious festivalsHonored ZeusPart of Pagan cultureHeld every four years, late summer, in OlympiaOlympia was not a city but was considered a holy placeThe physical competition was not always the main focusAny wars going on in between city-states ceased to allow safe passage for travelersThe Ancient Olympics: Competitors and WinnersParticipants:Greeks males, trained and competed in the nudeSpoke the same language and had the same religious beliefsUpper class men mainlyThe men took an oath that they had trained for at least 10 monthsHad to prove that they had no criminal recordWomenOnly unmarried women could attendThey had to see the “cream of the crop”Widows:Story goes that a widow snuck into the games to see her son play. She dressed up like a trainer but she was caught. She was allowed to live because she was the