HistoryDefinitionsEngage in Critical Thought“Doing” HistoryPhilosophies of the Modern WorldSummaryAncient Greek: The Birthplace of Western CivilizationTwo Important Greek City-StatesSpartaAthensThe Ancient Olympic Games (776BC – 393AD)The Ancient Olympics Purpose and ContextThe Ancient Olympics Competitor and WinnersEvents in the Ancient OlympicsGradual Changes in Olympic GamesAncient Greece’s ContributionsContributions of Ancient Greece to SportsHistorical ContextRome’s Contributions to the History of SportChariot Racing at the Circus MaximusGladiator ContestsOrigins and ChangeGladiators and GamesGladiator’s Place in Roman SocietyEuropean Traditions that Impacted Early US Education and SportBritish Sporting TraditionsGolfNaturalismIdealismGermany’s Gymnastics TraditionGymnastics as Part of the German CultureIntroduction to History and Philosophyof Sport and Physical EducationHistory- What are sources of historical information?- Why study history?o It gives us a different perspective on who we areo It helps us forecast what we’ll experience in the future- Does history change? Why would a history book written 30 years ago be different from one written today?- How does our interpretation or perspective on events change?- Stadion—used by the Greeks as a unit of measure for 600 feet. Then, the Greeks used it to refer to a foot race that extended 600 feet. The word, stadion, is where we get the word stadium.- Horseracing is another thing that we have today that is similar to the past. In the past, there was chariot racing and riders would wear different colors so that fan could tell the racers apart.Definitions- Sporto Modern term first used in England around 1440 ADo Origin of the word is Latin and Frencho In French, the word de(s)porter has its roots in the Latin word deportare, which means “to amuse oneself”o Grew throughout England referring to competition in the form of games, individual athletic exploits and hunting.- Playo Has three fundamental characteristics Play is intrinsically motivated—one is born with the desire to play Play involves the temporary suspensions of normal/typical reality Play involves internal locus of control—when people play, theybelieve they have control of their actions and the outcomes- Gameo Somewhat more organized effort at play, where the organized and playful elements of the activity become more evident.o Formal definition: a play activity which has explicit rules…the elementof opposition or contest, recognizable boundaries in time andsometimes in space, and a sequence of actions which is essentially “repeatable” every time the game is played.- Arriving at the definition of sporto May not fit into a universally accepted definition because of factors such as: religion, social class, and historical period. Example: hunting as a sport—upper class did it for leisure while lower classes did it for survivalo General definition will include the following characteristics: Continuity: refers to the longevity of the game Division of roles Dynamic interaction with an audience Supporting establishmentEngage in Critical Thought- Your intellectual and personal growth will be determined by exposure to different schools of thought and the opportunity to engage in the process of critical thinking—in other words, the ability to assess the value of material/information you receive. Is it significant, insignificant, or somewhere in the middle?- So, to use athletics, sport, play and games as an example:o Essential within the realm of human movement and are the cornerstones of the scholarly study of kinesiology and physical education.“Doing” History- History is the study of change, over time- Sport history is the study of how sport has changed (or not) over time- So, sport, play, and physical education as we know them are the latest rendition of all the changes that have occurred in the past. It is necessary to understand how the attitudes and behaviors have evolved to understand our current attitudes and behaviors.- Example: Michael Oriard in Reading Footballo In 1869, Princeton played Rutgers in the first intercollegiate gameo The played for fun, but it also served the purpose of hazing new freshman and was a popular form of interclass competition and rivalryo Back then, football was played more like soccer or rugby.o In 1876, Harvard, Columbia, Princeton, and Yale representatives met to create the rules of football and formed the Intercollegiate Football Association o Referees were needed in American football because Americans had a different attitude towards rules. The British had a code of honor thatwas associated with their upper class. Americans wanted to exploit the rules as much as they wanted to adhere to them.Philosophies of the Modern World- Based on a monist, not dualist, view of reality- Pragmatists regard school as a social institution where the child gains real experiences of actual life, which develop in him social sense and a sense of duty towards society and the nation.- Pragmatism—one of the 1st to reject dualismo Late 1800’s and early 1900’s, argues that humans are embodied entities—this means that the mind, or spirit, is of the body, and that mind and body are integrated into one entity.- Contribution of Pragmatism in Educationo Aims—it lays more stress on social and vocational efficiencyo Teacher—it gives important place to teachero Student—it stresses on child-centered educationo Teaching Method—new teaching methods are the contribution of pragmatismo Curriculum—it lays more stress on experience and learning by doing**- Existentialism: brief view of this philosophy and how it might be used to approach physical education and sporto Begins with the belief that the individual is at the center—everything “outside” the individual is evaluated by the individualo Each individual creates him/herself through choices and experiences and that a person is the sum of allo Each person should have opportunity to make choices and decisions – individual will personally determine what value an activity or experience holdso The individual is responsible for his/her actions and behavior - Existentialism is premised on the individual. It is geared toward the fact that each person’s reality is based on themselves. There is no universal concept ofwhat is real rather only unlimited variations of personal perspectives of life. What might be real to one person may not be the case