Kin 2501 Test 3 Sport at the College Level Intercollegiate contests o First was a rowing contest in 1852 Variety of sports Student initiated Violence 1895 Beginnings of the NCAA Football A Game for College Men 1st ever football game Princeton vs Rutgers 1869 More like soccer rugby than today s FB Large teams emphasis on kicking Private colleges in New England and two men change the game Walter Camp Father of American Football o Player and coach at Yale 11 players on a team Line of scrimmage yards and downs marking the field Selecting All American team Football originated in the colleges as opposed to baseball which orientated at the adult professional level Helmets were made of leather The Popularity and Problems of College Football Play in first 20 years localized in private New England colleges Harvard vs Yale first big rivalry 1876 o Hampton Yard bloodbath Violent game with many injuries Popular lots of spectators Few rules about who could play coach Is this large scale spectator athletics something colleges wanted Is football too violent Hired coaches and teachers athletic director started to help manage what happened Football drives college sports to organize 1 Faculty committees formed to oversee athletics property damage gambling injuries control 2 League of IV 1st college athletic conference o Other conferences 3 Rules put into play to govern college athletics o university faculty control o eligibility to play coach o academic standards to play Football Spreads and Addresses Violence By late 1800s FB spread throughout the US o Michigan Illinois Chicago California Texas A M LSU Tulane Ole Miss HBCUs First bowl game Rose Bowl 1902 o Michigan vs Stanford o Didn t play another Rose Bowl until 1916 President Theodore Roosevelt Meeting of universities with FB 1906 Wanted to ban football Urged to just make changes First time a president invited a sports group to white house 60 colleges meet 1910 form Intercollegiate Athletic Assoc NCAA Football Rules Committee s Solution to Reduce Injuries 1906 meeting Amos Alonzo Stagg Forward pass ball would be thrown away from pile which would result in fewer injuries However passing was not used much Why o fat football hard to throw o Rules made it a high risk play Tennis Mary Outerbridge New York socialite that was vacationing in Bermuda observed British officers playing the game Introduced it to statan island James Dwight while visiting in Europe saw the game made a court at his home Produced first tennis tournament Father of American Tennis French called it tenez and played indoors English referred to it as real tennis or court tennis brought it outdoors changed the court dimensions Eventually Mary Outerbridge brought the sport to America in 1874 NOLA tennis club first tennis club in US Dwight Davis Harvard tennis player organized competition between America and England Called the Davis Cup Beginning of Modern Olympics 1896 1st modern Olympics 1st marathon Jim Thorpe Wa Tho Huk translated to bright path Physical activity programs in the schools By 1900 public institutions for boys and girls were established German immigrants Turnverein Jahn Charles Follen Harvard first gym Charles Beck Round Hill school Francis Lieber Boston Gymnasium first swimming pool The Beginnings of Sport and Fitness in the US 1 German Immigrants take the Lead The start of school Physical Education o Round Hill School Northampton MA 1823 o Fitness based rationale o Charles Beck hired to teach Latin gymnastics Translated German exercise books into English The emergence of Turner Societies o German immigrants in Mass and NY bring gymnastics volksturnen to the US form exercise groups Gymnastics in colleges and public gymnasiums o Charles Follen Follower of Jahn and friend of Beck o Hired to teach German at Harvard o Opens turnplatz there introduces German Gymnastics to Harvard students o Boston opens first public gymnasium in US hires Follen to run it The Beginnings of Sport and Fitness in the U S 2 Muscular Christianity emerges as first fitness rationale Catharine Beecher o Teacher at colleges for women female seminaries o First directed to exercise because doctor said it d be good for her health o Teaches her students calisthenics o Promotes exercise for women o Connects exercise to religious responsibility o Women s skirt and outfits in general complicated physical activity o Negative implication that physical activity would have on a women s infertility o Women were allowed to play tennis crochet and archery YMCA o YMCAs open in cities o Appeal to youth through sport and exercise o Mind body spirit motto o Through exercise and sport youth can learn values and hear the Christian word The Beginnings of Sport and Fitness in the US Physicians lead college PE programs School based PE and YMCA programs create PE fitness careers Dio Lewis homeopathic physician o Public speaker fitness promoter exercise leader o Exercise classes using beanbags dumbbells calisthenics o 1861 Opens Boston Normal Institute for PE Boston preparation of PE teachers Amherst College MA o Department of Hygiene and Physical Education o Edward Hitchcock MD as first faculty member Studied effects of exercise by taking body measurements Battle of the System Dioclesian Lewis new gymnastics floor exercises German system Jahn Swedish system Pehr Ling massage Edward Hitchcock Amherst College Dudley Sargent Harvard Hemenway gymnasium individualized Luther Gulick Muscular Christianity YMCA The American System Economic technological and sociological events More things were being built The quest for the good life more leisure time Civil rights human rights During times of war physical exercise was considered very important Required physical education Community sports program President Theodore Roosevelt o Established national parks system Pragmatism play was a part of the democratic process New physical education stressed the whole individual rather then just a healthy body Teacher training programs Research in the field A Changing Society Factors affecting the American system o Conflicting philosophies o Societal changes Purpose of physical education activity o Train and develop the body o Develop the whole person o Education for leisure Racial Barriers Early 1900 s boxing horseracing Negro leagues 1946 Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Civil Rights movement 1968 Mexico Olympics Youth Sport Programs Educators religious leaders supported health and social values YMCA s Boys Club Pee Wee leagues Gender Equity