Major ThemesEuropean Influences—Colonial Era (1607-1783)New England—MassachusettsNew York—New AmsterdamPennsylvaniaSouthern Colonies—VirginiaEarly Education (1647)By 1840The Era of Good Feeling (1800-1860)Early Development in Organized SportSport in the Early 1800sBoxing in the Early 1800sBaseballBaseball becomes a sport: Alexander Cartwright’s KnickerbockersBaseball becomes popular in NY Area as an “adult recreational sport”Civil War as a vehicle for the spread of baseballSports of American OriginThe Invention of BasketballVolleyball: The Second Sport of the YMCAThe Reconstruction Era: Civil War to Early 1900sSeparate but EqualFirst College Physical Education Programs and LeadersSport Becomes a Larger Part of American Life (but at a racially segregated level)Separation of the races becomes part of American sportIsaac Murphy—a jockeyMajor Taylor—a cyclistMoses “Fleetwood” Walker—a baseball playerBaseball after the Civil WarProfessional BaseballThe Dead Ball Era and its StarsOutstanding PlayersSport and Physical Activity in Modern AmericaMajor Themes- The Good Life—people wanted to come to America because of the American dream.- Contributions of Other Countries—immigrants brought with them the traditions and sport of their countries- Perceived value guiding daily lives—ethical and moral issues that arose on a daily basis- Social Organization—homogenous communities and social stratification- Technology/Industrial Revolution—inventions played a huge role in the modernization of physical activity- Changing concept of sport and physical educationEuropean Influences—Colonial Era (1607-1783)- Native Americans played a game very similar to lacrosse. New England—Massachusetts- Puritan Work Ethic—there is no idle play or leisure. They developed this because they were trying to survive; they were in a survival mode.- Prohibited sporting activities such as sledding, football, dancing, swimming, ninepins (bowling), and shuffleboard—this is because they wanted people to be working more.- Strong desire to set up schools- Absolutely no Sunday amusements—Sunday was a day of religious observance- Games for children had moral teachings- Taverns were a major social center- In 1635, Boston Latin School became the first public school for children in the United States. - In 1636, Harvard became the first university in the United States.New York—New Amsterdam - Came to the new world with a strong commercial spirit—wealth seekers- Good food, drink, and gambling- Bowling (ninepins aka Skittles), tennis, cricket, horseracing, ice skatingo Race areas were set aside for horse races, they charged admission, and prizes were awarded- Played a game called, pulling the goose. They would grease the neck of a goose, hang it loosely by the neck, and see who could ride a horse and pull the head off of the goose- Had strong family and community values as well as for frugality and diligencePennsylvania- Came in search of religious freedom—led by William Penn- Quakers: Society of Friends- This territory welcomes settlers from several European countries (Sweden, Germany, France, Scotland, and Ireland)- Peace loving—ice skating, swimming, hunting, and fishing- Around the 1770s, there was an immerging theme of nationalism. The emphasis was placed on health and strength. Thomas Jefferson and BenjaminFranklin were very vocal supporters of activity for healthful benefits. Franklin wrote two books, Proposals for the Education of Youth and The Art ofSwimming, Rendered Easy.Southern Colonies—Virginia- Economic opportunity rather than for religious freedom- Tobacco was the main crop- Physical activity embraced- 1619—African slaves provided labor- Popular activities were foxhunting, horseracing, golf, lawn bowling, and dancingo Ninepins often included gambling. Due to this, it was outlawed. Players added a tenth pin to the game so that they could participate inthe sport and not have it be outlawed—they used a loophole.- Tavernso Social center of town Meeting, socialism, entertainment, and diversion from worko Animal baiting, cockfighting, billiards, darts, and dice were popularo BettingEarly Education (1647)- Elementary- Secondary school—Latin grammar schoolo Prepared boys for ministry, medicine, and lawo No girls- Harvard College—higher education- 1st Academy founded by Franklin (1749)o Lifelong practical skillso Academic subjectso Physical activity—proponent of swimming Running, leaping, and wrestlingo Began to replace secondary schoolsBy 1840- 133 towns had more than 2500 people—huge growth- 26 states belonged to the union- 5 cities were the commercial and social centers (Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston)- 12 million immigrants - Irish, German, AfricanThe Era of Good Feeling (1800-1860)- Governments were established- Cities began to grow- Colonists began to migrate west; Louisiana purchase- The ability for people to communicate more due to the telegraph, as well as easier travel due to railroads and steamboats.- Development of slavery controversyEarly Development in Organized Sport- Expansion of America- Industrialization of the united states- Decline of Puritan Orthodoxy- English amateur sport movement- Contributions of powerful individualso 1891 Basketball—invented by James Naismitho 1895 Volleyball—invented by William Morgan- Serious sport: horseracing, boxing, rowing, yacht racing, baseball, track and field, and footballSport in the Early 1800s- As the country was developing, there were a lot of unique social qualities taking place in different sections of the country—example: city life vs. frontier life- “Corpae mens and sans mens”—a sound mind and a sound body- Horseracingo Popular in established citieso Gambling made it controversialo Banned in many northern cities due to gambling being at odds with some of the religious beliefso Became more popular in the south Rich horse owners Importing/breeding/training of horses for racing Slaves=jockeys and trainerso 1802—National Race Course was built as one of the first racetracks. The race was won by “Selima”. Many of her offspring were great champions as well.Boxing in the Early 1800s- Perceived by upper class as brutal- Bare knuckles, few rules- Travelling “professionals”- Slaveso Matches staged by slave ownerso Tom Molineaux—granted freedom, fought in the US and Europe. He fought the British champion, Tom Cribb, in 1810o Tom Molineaux Born a slave