Sport at the College LevelFootball: A Game for College MenThe Popularity and Problems of College FootballFootball Spreads and Addresses ViolenceFootball Rules committee’s Solution to Reduce InjuriesTennisBeginning of Modern OlympicsPhysical Activity Programs in the SchoolsThe Beginning of Sport and Fitness in the USGerman Immigrants Take the LeadMuscular Christianity emerges as first fitness rationalPhysicians Lead College PE ProgramsBattle of the SystemsThe American SystemA Changing systemRacial BarriersYouth Sport ProgramsGender Equality and DisabilitiesWomen in SportThe End of the CenturyBaseball: Babe Ruth, An American IconJoe DimaggioNegro League BaseballSports for Women in the Early 1900sBabe DidriksonFootball in the Early 1900sRed Grange, George Halas, and the NFLBasketball in the Early 1900sPro Basketball EmergesThe Savoy Big 5Jesse Owens, Joe Louis, and WWIISports and Physical Education inModern America, Part IISport at the College Level- Intercollegiate contests- Variety of sports- Student initiated- Violence- 1895—beginnings of the NCAAFootball: A Game for College Men- Sports at universities were initially extracurricular. Faculty members didn’t want anything to do with sports, so the students had all the control over it and ran it with what governance they had.- The 1st intercollegiate event was a rowing event in 1852 between Harvard and Yale. o The railroad was the first intercollegiate sponsor of this event. It was a sponsor by bringing the teams to the location of the match.- Baseball: Amherst played Williams College in 1859.- Other early college sports included boxing, golf, tennis, track and field, and wrestling. - The first college teams were campus clubs. There were no teams that were officially sponsored by the universities.- Football originated in the colleges, as opposed to baseball, which originated in adult recreation.- 1st ever football game: Princeton vs. Rutgers (1869)o More like soccer/rugby than today’s footballo Large teams, emphasis on kicking—25 people per offensive/defensiveteam; teams scored 1 point for every ball kicked between the field goal postso Private colleges in New England and two men change the game- Walter Camp (Father of American Football)—a player at Yale who eventuallycoached. He is recognized as the Father of American Football because he had very valuable innovations and rule changes that altered the game.o Some of his ideas included: 11 players on a team Line of scrimmage Yards and downs Marking the field Selecting All-American team He proposed that the team whose ball went out of bounds put it back in play by giving it the quarterback on the line of scrimmage A team had 3 tries to move the ball 5 yards or else they lost possessionThe Popularity and Problems of College Football- Play in first 20 years localized in private New England colleges- Harvard vs. Yale first big rivalryo Harvard and Yale played each other in 1876o So many injuries in the game it became known as the Hampton Yard Blood Batho Harvard and Yale became the first dynasties—they had a much better rate of winning than other teams- Violent game with many injuries- Despite its violence, football spread because it was a great spectator sport.o Popular: lots of spectatorso Whenever fans get involved, there is legitimacy to the sport.o Many people came on to campus the day of the football games, and colleges didn’t know how to handle the influx of visitors.o The popularity of football caused universities to change the way they handled college athletics. Coaches were hired as faculty members and coached the teams Colleges needed to develop an administrative department to handle equipment needs, funding, etc.o Few rules about who could play/coach- With the rise of football popularity, a league developed to manage football. o Faculty committees formed to oversee athletics Property damage, gambling, injuries, and controlo League of IV—the first college athletic conference Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Princeton met in 1876o Other conferences ensued The Big Ten—1894o Rules put into play to govern college athletics No college team could play professional teams Faculty controlled athletics as opposed to an alumni group or individual Player eligibility—players had 4 years to playFootball Spreads and Addresses Violence- By late 1800s, football spread throughout the USo Michigan, Illinois, Chicago, California, Texas A&M, LSU, Tulane, Ole Miss, HBCUs- Rose Bowl (1902)—the first bowl game in which the winner from the Big 10 and the Pack 10 would play each other for a national championship.o Takes place in Pasadena, California Came about when they wanted a football game to accompany their rose paradeo Michigan beat Stanford 49-0o The city wasn’t expecting the amount of spectators who came out for the event, so they abandoned the game until 1916o More bowl games arose after the Rose Bowl- President Theodore Roosevelt—president at the time of football’s spread. He had a son who played the sport. Because of the widespread problems in football (injuries, gambling, eligibility, recruiting, etc.), Roosevelt intervened in 1906 and called a meting of the football schools; he urged them to make changes to the game. Mainly eastern schools were in attendance because theyplayed it the longest. This was the first time the president/government was becoming involved in sports.o Meeting of universities with football (1906)o 60 colleges meet and form Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The name was later changed to the NCAA in 1910.Football Rules committee’s Solution to Reduce Injuries- Even though colleges had rules, they needed to address the game itself to fix the number of injuries.- 1906 meeting- Forward Pass—the ball could be thrown away from the pile (people would be spread out) to reduce the number of injuries. o The football was much fatter at the time, which made it hard to throwo Rules made it a “high risk” playo However, throwing the ball was looked down upon because football was considered a rough, violent sport and throwing it wasn’t tough.- Amos Alonzo Stagg—attended Yale and studied religion with the intent of becoming a minister. While at Yale, he excelled in football and baseball. He worked as a coach at the YMCA training school in Springfield, MA. The University of Chicago recruited him to become their coach. He built the university a winning program. o Recognized as an innovator of the