Beginning of Modern OlympicsOlympic Games (1900-1976)International Sports Between World WarsJesse Owens: Enduring SpiritInternational Sports and the Cold WarSport Participation and WomenFuture: Bright or Bleak?Budget Cuts and Privatization of Sport ProgramsResistance to LegislationBacklash toward Changes for Women in SportDecreasing Number of Women in Coaching and AdministrationCulture Emphasis on Cosmetic FitnessTrivialization of Women’s SportsHomophobiaTitle IXTitle IX Timeline (Test Questions will involve the order of events)Title IX TodayJackson vs. Birmingham board of educationPedersen vs. LSUTitle IX Binds Leading Athletic UniversitySociology of Title IXMore or LessSupport for AthletesJobs for Women in Coaching and AdministrationStrategies to Achieve EquityTime for ChangeHighlights from Olympics GamesWilma RudolphChanging Conditions—The Olympic Project for Human RightsInternational Sports in the 20th CenturyBeginning of Modern Olympics- 1896—1st modern Olympicso Held in Athens, Greeceo Pierre DeCoubertin—very young French man who was a strong advocate and promoter of physical education and sport. Before 1896, he successfully organized the “Sports Festival” in France. He got a Greek philanthropist to donate 1 million dollars (equivalent to 300,000 USD) to build a stadium. He got the Greek government to raise funds through ticket sales and the sales of commemorative medals. o The first games had seven events—track and field, swimming, gymnastics, cycling, fencing, pistol shooting, and tennis.o The competitors were mainly European and from the United Stateso The athletes travelled as individuals, not teams, in the first modern Olympics. They did represent their countries though.o The United States team had 13 athletes, mainly students from Princeton who were members of the Boston Athletic Association. 10 were track and field, 2 were pistol shooters, and 1 was a swimmer.o The United States ended up winning all, but two events in track and fieldo DeCoubertin became the president of the international Olympic committee - 1st marathono In 490BC, the Greek army defeated the Persians in a place called Marathon. They sent a soldier from marathon to Athens (about 25 miles away). The soldier was ordered to run the news of the victory toAthens—when he arrived he said, “Rejoice we have conquered” and then died.o In 1896, Spirdon Louis won the first marathon. Olympic Games (1900-1976)- Game summary o 1900—Paris games: the early years of the 20th century (1900-1908) are considered to movement years of the Olympic games. It was very easy after the first two games (1900 in Paris, 1904 is St. Louis) for the Olympics to have ended—the games were considered failures. Both games lasted about 5 months. DeCoubertin has no large part in the 1900 games. He was delegated to being an official for the track and field events. There were about 1100 athletes.o 1904—St. Louis games: many countries avoided these games completely. The 1904 games only had about 500 athletes. One of the positive things from these games was that women were allowed to participate. o 1906—Olympic movement was saved due to its 10-year anniversary. Interim games were held in Athens and helped revive the Olympics because it sparked interest in the Olympics. o 1908—London games: At the time, Finland was part of the Russian empire and Ireland was part of the British Empire—both countries wanted to appear under their own flag and not their mother country’s.An International Olympic Federation (IOF) was formed for the sports to deal with the issues. There were then more clear-cut rule about the Olympics after the IOF formed. In 1908, the marathon distance was also changed to 26.2 miles because the king of England wanted the marathon route to go in front of Windsor Palace.o 1912—Stockholm games: the games attracted over 2,000 athletes—shows a growing interest in international sport. The 1912 games had the introduction of the modern pentathlon. The Pentathlon considered of fencing, fiscal shooting, swimming, cross-country road running, and cross-country horse riding. The pentathlete was recognized as the best athlete at the games.  Jim Thorpe was a Native American who, at the turn of the century, was a very important athlete and successful in track and field and football. His Indian name was Wa-Toh-Huk (aka Bright Path). At an early age, his father was an alcoholic he wassent off to Carlisle Boarding School (a Pennsylvania school for Native Americas from lower school to college). He could do almost anything with very little training. Pop Warner (a football coach at Carlisle) who had successful seasons due to Jim Thorpe’s presence on the team. While playing for Carlisle, Thorpe left to play minor league baseball. When he returned, he was named an all American athlete. In 1912, after he won the decathlon and pentathlon, the King of Sweden called him the greatest athlete in the world. After his time at Carlisle, he played 6 years of major league baseball as well as professional football. The Olympic Committee striped him of his medals because they did not consider him an amateur athlete because he spent a few summers playing minor league baseball—this was no different than the normal, but the USOC decided to make a statement and draw a line between amateurism and professionalism.- He was selected by the US president as the most outstanding athlete- Died in 1953- One of his daughters battled with the USOC, and in 1982, his medals were returned to his family. **o 1916: Olympic games cancelled because of World War I. they were scheduled to take place in Berlin.o Post World War I (1918) Competitions in 24 sports in the Inter-Allied games (USA-French) initiative Inter-allied Games held in Paris Keeps countries’ and athletes’’ spirits aliveo 1920: Antwerp, Belgium games: Germany and German’s allies were denied participation—shows the power of the Olympic Committee. Antwerp had suffered a lot of damage in the war, so the games were more primitive than those in the past since the country was in recovery mode. What came out of these games:- The Olympic flag was flown for the first time. It had been approved as the Olympic flag in 1914, but it was flown for the 1920 games**- One athlete would take an oath on behalf of their country—similar to the Greek oath of fair play. It came as a result of the Jim Thorpe trials in the 1912 games.o 1924: DeCoubertin requests that the Olympic games