International Sports in the 20th CenturyBeginning of Modern Olympics- 1896*** – 1st modern Olympics- AS 1900s started, sports became more familiar with people- Modern Olympics is reborn- Pierre D. – advocate for physical education and sport. Wanted to get something that was involved internationally. Organized a sport festival in France. Toured Europe and America after festival. Promoted idea of Olympic rebirth. Got Greek investment to build a stadium. Modern games were back on. - 7 sports in 1896 Olympicso Track and fieldo Swimmingo Gymnasticso Cyclingo Tenniso Shootingo Fencing- Mostly European countries- Traveled as individuals- America had 13 athleteso Most came from Princetono Colleges- James Conley first to win in triple jump- US had won all but 2 events- 1st marathono Derived from Greek historyo “Rejoice, we concur” then diedo Became regular eventOlympic Games- Game summary- First 3 games were not considered successful- 2nd games was held in Pariso Wasn’t well received because it lasted 5 months- Pierre didn’t have say so in Olympic gameso Served as secretary as track and field events- 1100 athletes in first gameo Promoters wanted to include body measurement based competitions- Women participated in 2nd games- 1904 Olympic games was held in St. Louis, MOo 4 to 5 months longo Many countries avoided gameso Wasn’t big at all- 1908 games held in Londono Problems include: Finland and Ireland wanted to attend the games under their ownflag, not under Russia and Britain Customary at time that the host country ran the games that the rules they establishedo Creation of International Sport Federationso Distance of marathon changed from 25 miles to 26.2 Changed because king of England wanted to watch race from palace- 1912 games were held in Stockholmo Attracted about 2000 participantso Jim Thorpeo Introduced of modern pentathlon – 5 event competition  Events were made up from a French messenger during French revolution Includes horse riding, fencing, swimming, shooting, and cross country race- 1916 games cancelled because of WWI (Berlin)- Coordinate games in 1906, 10th anniversary of Olympicso Well organized, held in Athens - World championships in sportso weight lifting, tennis (Davis cup), ice hockey- Far Eastern games (international YMCA 1932) , Davis Cup, Tour de France- Soccer first championship in 1916 in South AmericaInternational Sports between the World Wars- Post WW I (1918)o Competitions in 24 sports in the Inter-Allied games (USA-French) initiativeo 1500 athletes from 18 countries- 1920 – Belgiumo City had suffered major devastation during waro Germany and its allies were denied participation o Oath that was taken by a representative by each country during beginning, fair play and competition were involved in oath (resulted from 1912 games because of Jim Thorpe)o Olympic flag was created, approved in 1914, flew for the first time in 1920- 1924 – Pariso Pierre was about to retireo Requested that it be held in Pariso 3000 athleteso Introduction of winter sportso No German athletes participated because French hinted that they could not guarantee their safety at gameso Tennis was expelled after these games TNA refused to accept this No tennis for 64 years- 1928 – Amsterdamo Participation for women in 5 track and field eventso 1919 IFW was formed Women’s Olympics Not allowed- 1932 – L.A.o 1300 athleteso Europe still center for sportso Photo finish cameraso Automatic timing- 1936- Berlino Germans decided to use games as a guide to the “perfect” raceo IOC took no positiono Many boycotted, not USo Most grand games up to this pointo Opening ceremonies were extravaganto Torch relay started in Athens to venue of gamesOther regional games- 1926-Central American Games- 1934-Western-Asian Games- 1930-British Empire Games- 1932-Jewish OlympicsJesse Owens: Enduring Spirit- Won 4 gold medals - African American- Born in 1913 in Alabama; one of 12 children.- His family moved to Cleveland, Ohio in the early 1920’s- Elementary school teacher misunderstood him and called him Jesse instead of J.C. (James Cleveland)- In junior high, he began organized sport, mainly basketball and track.- In 1930, he was in high school and accomplishing many feats on the track butnot a single black college made an attempt to recruit him, so he wound up at Ohio State in the fall, 1933- On-campus housing was barred for blacks- Only one movie theater was accessible – upstairs- No university restaurants would serve them- In May, 1935 at the National Intercollegiate Meet in Michigan, he broke three world records and tied another.o **the most superlative feat ever accomplished in the history of the sport- In July, 1936 Owens and his teammates sailed to Germany.o Mobbed by autograph seekers- Hilter’s snub- Long jump attempts and help from rivalo Jump before the board and you’ll still beat all of us- Jewish runners not allowed to run in the US relay- Owens won four gold medals in 1936 Olympic GamesInternational Sports and the Cold War- Politics influenced who was allowed to enter the games- Presidents of the IOC had political agendas – Avery Brundage expelled John Carlos and Tommie Smith from Mexico- Battle to protect “amateurism”- Soviet Union had “state amateurs”Avery Brundage1952-1972- Strongly believed in the maintenance of strict amateur rules- Held idealistic view about separation of sports and politicso 1968 Olympics (Mexico City)o 1972 Olympics (Munich) Arab terrorists killed Israeli athletesCommercialism and the Games- 1984 Los Angeles Gameso Very Successful Monitarily Permanent sponsorships Television revenues-$300 million Team sponsorship- 1990’s – stagger the summer/winter games- Adding new sports- Increase the size of the games- NBC purchased the rights to eight years of games for $3.5 billion- Being sure women were represented - Scandals involving the awarding of the Salt Lake City gameso IOC members accepting bribes Drugs and the Games- 1968- Mexico – too much alcohol- asthma medication- 1988-Ben Johnson- steriods- Blood doping – tour de France- Two issues: Uneven playing field, irregular/non-existent testing of athletesTrack & Field1946 – present- Highlights from Olympic Games- In 1952 (Helsinki), the U.S. Women’s Olympic squad consisted of only 10 athletes competing in nine events- In 1956 (Melbourne):o Roger Bannister (white) of England broke the 4-minute mile barriero Noteworthy for blacks were three